The Viti-viniculture Sector of the Festetics Estate at the Beginning of the 19th Century

At the end of the 18th century, only 3-4 % of the cultivated area was covered with vineyards. However, the importance of viticulture was not proportionate with the extent of its territorial size - due to the poor public health conditions, most of the waters were non-drinkable, so people usually drunk wines with a 4-5 % alcohol content. The wine production was 13-17 million hectoliters in the first third of the 19th century. During this period, several large estates switched from the former taxation approach to income-oriented market production, in which winemaking played a key role, as it had been an important vital market product before. According to Kaposi, lordships’ cellar economy of lordships was engaged in the storage and treatment operations of wine community customs duty, ninth wine, the supply of wine to inns and public houses, and other wine sales.1 In our study, we examined the most important characteristics of the viticulture and wine sector of the Keszthely-based Festetics estate in the period between 1785-1807, both in terms of production and profitability. We concluded that the share of income from wine within the total income decreased at the beginning of the 1800s, besides high production fluctuation characterized the production of lordships as well as production of the estate; however, the production of the lordships could compensate each other to confirm the diversified production in space

Energy and renewable energy use in EU28 and Hungary on the basis of statistics

This paper presents the expansion of renewable energy sources of electricity generation over the last 10-15 years, based on statistical data for Hungary and for the EU-28 member states. The share of renewable energy in electricity production was almost 30% in the EU28 in 2016, while in Hungary it was only 7%, which is the second lowest share in EU member states. In Hungary, the share of nuclear energy is still high in electricity production, and the proportion of biomass in renewable energy in Hungary is very high compared to the EU-28 average. An important issue for Hungary is how to reduce the share of nuclear energy in the longer term. Finally, the paper highlights the essential elements of the Hungarian METAR subsidy system aimed at encouraging the production of electricity (and heat) energy from renewable energy sources while minimizing the burden on end users

DYNAMIC INVESTIGATION OF THE PURCHASE PRICE AND QUANTITY OF MAIZE AND PIG

The aim of our examination was to show the cyclic character in the case of agricultural prices. Beside the investigation of prices the analysis of the purchased quantity is of importance too. We examined the way the prices and quantity exercise mutual influence and the connection between the maize purchase price and the pig purchase price. We compared the Hungarian purchase prices with some international ones, and analyzed the tendencies, the influence of open economies and the approach of the prices

E-WOM az online foglalási felületeken, avagy az online utazási irodák vendégértékelési rendszereinek összehasonlító elemzése = E-WOM on online booking interfaces – a comparative

Az utóbbi időben az informatika és az elektronika területén végbement mélyreható és alapvető változások eredményeként megváltoztak a fogyasztói szokások, ami a turizmus szektorát is érinti. Az e-világban átformálódnak a fogyasztók információkeresési és kommunikációs szokásai, lévén a kommunikációs paradigmaváltás korszakát éljük. Az online utazási irodák (online travel agencies – OTA) nem kizárólag a foglalás és az értékesítés meghatározó csatornái napjainkban, hanem az információgyűjtés és a szálláshely-szolgáltatásokkal kapcsolatos tájékozódás csatornái is. Az OTA honlapokon fellelhető információk egy része objektív, más része szubjektív. Utóbbiak a fogyasztói információk, vélemények. A szálláshelyre vonatkozó szubjektív információkat az OTA oldalak vendégértékelései adják. Jelen kutatás hazai, illetve nemzetközi OTA oldalak vendégértékelési rendszerének összehasonlítását célozza a hitelesség, a skála, az alkalmazott szempontrendszer, illetve a vendégértékelések célcsoportonkénti bontási lehetőségeinek vonatkozásában. Mindemellett esettanulmány jelleggel két – azonos desztinációban elhelyezkedő – azonos kategóriájú szálláshely OTA vendégértékeléseit mutatja be arra a kérdésre keresve a választ, hogy a döntés előtt álló fogyasztó számára az eredmények mennyire mutatnak egységes képet összességében és szempontonként. = Recent profound, fundamental changes in the field of information technology have led to a similar change in consumer habits – a feature which also applies to tourism. In the e-world, consumers’ search for information and their communication habits have clearly changed; we are living in the era of a communicational paradigm shift. Today online travel agencies (OTAs) are not only the dominant channels for bookings and sales, but also optimal channels for information gathering and guidance in accommodation-related matters. Some of the information on OTA sites is objective, whilst much is subjective – the latter generated by consumer experiences and opinions. This subjective information concerning accommodation is directly provided by guest reviews on the OTA pages. This study aims to compare the guest evaluation systems of domestic and international OTA sites, in terms of authenticity, scale, the criteria applied, the possibilities of guest evaluations broken down by target groups. In addition, it presents OTA guest ratings of two accommodation establishments of the same category – located in the same destination – on a case-by-case basis, seeking an answer to the question of how consistent the results – as a whole and in terms of criteria – are for the consumer making the decision

Energy and renewable energy use in EU28 and Hungary on the basis of statistics

This paper presents the expansion of renewable energy sources of electricity generation over the last 10-15 years, based on statistical data for Hungary and for the EU-28 member states. The share of renewable energy in electricity production was almost 30% in the EU28 in 2016, while in Hungary it was only 7%, which is the second lowest share in EU member states. In Hungary, the share of nuclear energy is still high in electricity production, and the proportion of biomass in renewable energy in Hungary is very high compared to the EU-28 average. An important issue for Hungary is how to reduce the share of nuclear energy in the longer term. Finally, the paper highlights the essential elements of the Hungarian METAR subsidy system aimed at encouraging the production of electricity (and heat) energy from renewable energy sources while minimizing the burden on end users

Napelemes rendszerek beruházás-gazdaságossági vizsgálata tényadatok alapján = An actual data based economy study of a solar cell investment project

megalapozása összetettségük és a jövőre való jelentős hatásuk miatt alapvetően fontos. A rendelkezésre álló és bemutatott statikus és dinamikus mutatók közül a nettó jelenérték (NPV), a dinamikus megtérülési forgó (DCF), a belső megtérülési ráta (IRR), és a diszkontált megtérülési idő (DPP) számítása elősegítette a beruházási változatok közti választást. A különböző napelemes rendszerek elemzése során értékelésre kerültek az egyes változatok, támogatással, illetve a CO2 kibocsátás árazásával. A számviteli és adózást érintő vonatkozások is figyelembevételre kerültek. Megállapítható: a fajlagos beruházási költség, valamint a kivitelező által vállalt garancia egyszerűen használható adatok a beruházási döntések gazdasági megalapozásában

Egy ritkán felismert ritka betegség: a Behcet-kór

A Behcet-kór multiszisztémás autoimmun betegség változatos klinikai megjelenési tünetekkel. Hazánkban a Behcet-kór a ritka betegségek közé tartozik, a témával foglalkozó közlemények száma elenyésző. Történelmünk során a népcsoportok keveredése, valamint a világszerte növekvő prevalencia és a szerzők tapasztalata is arra utal, hogy a betegség előfordulására az eddig vártnál nagyobb gyakorisággal kell számítani. A szerzők felhívják a figyelmet erre a sokoldalúan megjelenő, sok szakterületet érintő betegségre. A diagnózis nagy kihívást jelent a klinikus számára, akinek tisztában kell lennie a lehetséges tünetek spektrumával és kombinációival. Irodalmi adatok és saját tapasztalataik alapján a szerzők összefoglalják a betegség eddig ismert patogenetikai és patomechanikai tényezőit és a diagnózishoz nélkülözhetetlen szimptómák rendszerét, a kezelés lehetőségeit. A közleménnyel a szerzők a diagnosztikát, a magyar betegpopuláció feltérképezését és jobb kezelését szeretnék segíteni, és kezdeményezik hazai Behcet-regiszter felállítását. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 93–101. | Behcet’s disease is a multisystem autoimmune disease with variable clinial manifestations. The diagnosis may pose a difficult challenge for the clinician, who has to be familiar with the wide spectrum and combination of the symptoms of Behcet’s disease. It is considered a rare disease in Hungary, and there are only few reports on Behcet’s disease in the Hungarian literature. However, the past history of Hungary, the worldwide growing incidence of the disease, and the authors’ experience raise the possibility that the occurrence of the disease is higher than previously thought. In this review the authors present and discuss literature data on the pathogenesis and pathomechanism, as well as their own experience concerning the symptomatology of Behcet’s disease in order to promote diagnosis and offer adequate therapy for the patients. The authors presume that the importance of the disease is underestimated in Hungary due to a considerable number of unrecognized cases and they propose to establish a national registry for Behcets disease. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 93–101

Ethylene signaling in salt stress- and salicylic acid-induced programmed cell death in tomato suspension cells

Salt stress- and salicylic acid (SA)-induced cell death can be activated by various signaling pathways including ethylene (ET) signaling in intact tomato plants. In tomato suspension cultures, a treatment with 250 mM NaCl increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and ET. The 10(-3) M SA-induced cell death was also accompanied by ROS and NO production, but ET emanation, the most characteristic difference between the two cell death programs, did not change. ET synthesis was enhanced by addition of ET precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, which, after 2 h, increased the ROS production in the case of both stressors and accelerated cell death under salt stress. However, it did not change the viability and NO levels in SA-treated samples. The effect of ET induced by salt stress could be blocked with silver thiosulfate (STS), an inhibitor of ET action. STS reduced the death of cells which is in accordance with the decrease in ROS production of cells exposed to high salinity. Unexpectedly, application of STS together with SA resulted in increasing ROS and reduced NO accumulation which led to a faster cell death. NaCl- and SA-induced cell death was blocked by Ca(2+) chelator EGTA and calmodulin inhibitor W-7, or with the inhibitors of ROS. The inhibitor of MAPKs, PD98059, and the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64 reduced cell death in both cases. These results show that NaCl induces cell death mainly by ET-induced ROS production, but ROS generated by SA was not controlled by ET in tomato cell suspension

Effect of feeding different oils on plasma corticosterone in broiler chickens

A study was conducted to examine the effects of different oils on the plasma corticosterone concentrations of broiler chickens fed ad libitum or deprived of feed for 24 hours. A total of 36 Ross broilers were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments at 10 days of age and fed a grower diet supplemented with 60 g/kg soybean oil (rich in linoleic acid, C18:2n–6), linseed oil (rich in a-linolenic acid, C18:3n–3) or fish oil (rich in C14:0, C16:0, C16:1n–7, C20:1n–9; eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, EPA, C20:5n–3 and DHA, C22:6n–3), respectively, for 18 days. Dietary supplementation of fish oil resulted in lower (P < 0.05) baseline plasma corticosterone levels of chickens fed ad libitum for 18 days compared to soybean and linseed oil supplementations. Feed deprivation for 24 h induced a significant (P < 0.05) increase in corticosterone concentration in every treatment group compared to the ad libitum-fed birds. The hormone levels of feed-deprived birds did not differ significantly among groups fed diets supplemented with different oils