458 research outputs found

    Assemblage et dysfonctionnement de ribosomes mammifĂšres : une Ă©tude structure/fonction par cryo-MET

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    Le ribosome, qui traduit le code gĂ©nĂ©tique en protĂ©ines, est une machinerie molĂ©culaire essentielle au fonctionnement optimal des cellules. La formation, ou biogenĂšse, de ces ribosomes est un processus trĂšs complexe, qui doit ĂȘtre finement contrĂŽlĂ© et rĂ©gulĂ© pour produire rapidement des sous-unitĂ©s ribosomiques matures et fonctionnelles. Des mutations dans des composants de cet appareil cellulaire essentiel sont Ă  l'origine de diverses maladies, comme des anĂ©mies, des retards de croissance mais aussi certains cancers. Dans ce contexte, la caractĂ©risation prĂ©cise de l'ensemble des mĂ©canismes d'assemblage et de fonctionnement des ribosomes en conditions normales et pathologiques devient un enjeu primordial. Ces questions scientifiques ont rĂ©cemment connu des avancĂ©es majeures, notamment grĂące Ă  l'utilisation de la cryo-microscopie Ă©lectronique (cryo-EM). En effet, couplĂ©e Ă  des analyses fonctionnelles, la rĂ©solution de diffĂ©rents Ă©tats structuraux du ribosome a permis la description de nombreux mĂ©canismes molĂ©culaires responsables de la biogenĂšse des ribosomes, ainsi que de diffĂ©rentes Ă©tapes de la traduction. Mon projet de thĂšse s'inscrit pleinement dans ces analyses structure/fonction de l'assemblage et du fonctionnement des ribosomes. Mon premier projet de thĂšse s'est focalisĂ© sur les Ă©tapes finales de la maturation de la petite sous-unitĂ© ribosomique humaine, aussi appelĂ©e sous-unitĂ© 40S. Pour cela, en me basant sur des analyses structurales par cryo-EM, j'ai menĂ© des Ă©tudes fonctionnelles sur des particules prĂ©-40S purifiĂ©es Ă  une Ă©tape tardive de leur maturation, grĂące Ă  la forme catalytiquement inactive de l'ATPase RIO1. Ce travail m'a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence les rĂŽles combinĂ©s de RIO1 et de la protĂ©ine ribosomique RPS26 dans le dĂ©clenchement du clivage du prĂ©-ARNr 18S-E par l'endonuclĂ©ase NOB1, entrainant la maturation finale de l'ARNr 18S. Mon second projet de thĂšse visait Ă  comprendre les effets d'une mutation ponctuelle de la protĂ©ine ribosomique RPS15 (mutation RPS15-P131S) sur les mĂ©canismes de traduction. Des mutations ponctuelles dans le domaine C-terminal de cette protĂ©ine de la petite sous-unitĂ© ribosomique sont en effet retrouvĂ©es dans de nombreux cas de leucĂ©mies et de tumeurs solides. Pour cela, j'ai entamĂ© une analyse structure/fonction de ces ribosomes mutants. J'ai purifiĂ© et dĂ©terminĂ© par cryo-EM les structures 3D de ribosomes en cours de traduction. J'ai comparĂ© les structures de ribosomes " sauvages " Ă  leurs homologues mutants, portant la mutation RPS15-P131S. Mes rĂ©sultats montrent que la mutation provoque la dĂ©stabilisation structurale du domaine C-terminal de RPS15, ce qui entraĂźnerait un ralentissement de l'Ă©tape d'Ă©longation de la traduction. Une hypothĂšse pour expliquer ce phĂ©nomĂšne serait que la dĂ©structuration du domaine C-ter de RPS15 empĂȘche l'accommodation correcte des ARNt amino-acylĂ©s dans le site A du ribosome.The ribosome, which translates the genetic code into proteins, is an essential molecular machinery for the optimal functioning of cells. The formation, or biogenesis, of these ribosomes is a very complex process, which must be finely tuned to rapidly produce mature and functional ribosomal subunits. Mutations in components of this essential cellular apparatus are at the origin of various diseases, such as anemia, growth retardation but also some cancers. In this context, the precise characterization of the assembly and functioning mechanisms of ribosomes in normal and pathological conditions becomes crucial. This topic has recently seen major advances, notably thanks to the use of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Indeed, coupled with functional analyses, the resolution of different structural states of ribosomes or precursors of ribosomal subunits has allowed to describe many molecular mechanisms responsible for ribosome biogenesis, as well as different steps of translation. My thesis project is fully in line with these structure/function analyses of ribosome assembly and function. My first thesis project focused on the final maturation steps of the human small ribosomal subunit, also called 40S subunit. For this purpose, based on structural analysis by cryo-EM, I conducted functional studies on pre-40S particles purified at a late stage of their maturation, thanks to a tagged and catalytically inactive form of the ATPase RIO1. This work allowed to demonstrate the combined action of both RIO1 with the ribosomal protein RPS26 in triggering the cleavage of the pre-rRNA 18S-E by the NOB1 endonuclease, leading to the final maturation of 18S rRNA. My second thesis project aimed at understanding the effects of a point mutation in the ribosomal protein RPS15 (S15-P131S mutation) on translation mechanisms. Point mutations in the C-terminal domain of this protein of the small ribosomal subunit are indeed found in many cases of leukemia and solid tumors. For this purpose, I initiated a structure/function analysis of these mutant ribosomes. I purified and determined the cryo-EM 3D structures of translating ribosomes. I compared the structures of wild type ribosomes to their mutant counterparts, carrying the S15-P131S mutation. My results show that the mutation causes structural destabilization of the C-terminal domain of RPS15, which results in a slowing down of the elongation step of translation. One hypothesis to explain this phenomenon would be that the destructuring of the C-terminal domain of RPS15 prevents the proper accommodation of aminoacylated tRNAs in the A-site of the ribosome

    Ce que commĂ©morer veut dire : la Smithsonian Institution et l’État fĂ©dĂ©ral Ă  l’approche du Bicentenaire de la RĂ©volution amĂ©ricaine, 1964-1976

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    À travers l’exemple des pratiques commĂ©moratives Ă  la Smithsonian Institution pour le Bicentenaire de la RĂ©volution aux États-Unis (1964-1976), cet article renouvelle les travaux entrepris dans les annĂ©es 1990 sur les commĂ©morations nationales et la mĂ©moire officielle. Il met en lumiĂšre la dĂ©finition problĂ©matique des activitĂ©s commĂ©moratives en en soulignant la nature hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne. L’étude de la prĂ©paration des cĂ©lĂ©brations de 1976 Ă  la Smithsonian Institution permet de redĂ©finir la commĂ©moration en ne la cantonnant pas Ă  son aboutissement rituel. Elle apparaĂźt alors comme un processus collectif de construction d’un consensus qui n’existe pas a priori. Ce consensus est rĂ©gi par le fonctionnement hiĂ©rarchique de la bureaucratie d’État. L’injonction Ă  commĂ©morer pĂ©nĂštre donc le quotidien professionnel d’acteurs qui l’intĂ©riorisent de maniĂšre inĂ©gale, notamment en fonction de leur statut professionnel et de leur position hiĂ©rarchique.This article renews the study of national commemorations and public memory that was undertaken in the 1990s through the case study of commemorative practices at the Smithsonian Institution in the years preceding the Bicentennial of the American Revolution (1964-1976). It shows that beyond their heterogeneous forms, commemorative activities share strong common points. The process of preparing for the Bicentennial at the Smithsonian sheds new light on what commemoration is, and pleads for a definition of commemorative activities that is not restricted to their ritual outcome. Commemoration appears to be a collective process of consensus-building, which is framed by the vertical organization of the federal bureaucracy. A top-down commemorative demand pervades the everyday professional activities of actors, who more or less adopt it as their own, depending on their professional status and their places in the chain of command

    Performance Analysis of an Assembly System: a Case Study

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    International audiencePetri nets are well suited for modelling production systems and analysis of their performance. In this paper we study a flowshop system driven by a set of local command units and a central controller, modelled with Timed Coloured Petri nets by means of CPN Tools. We show that Petri nets can be applied not only to improve its production rate by comparing various algorithms for the controller policy service, but also to analyse the significance of parameters as conveying and mechanical delays, maximum work-in-process or to understand problems appeared in the real syste

    Sodium and chloride channelopathies with myositis:Coincidence or connection?

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    Introduction: A proximal myopathy develops in some patients with muscle channelopathies, but the causative molecular mechanisms are unknown. Methods: We reviewed retrospectively all clinical and muscle biopsy findings of 3 patients with channelopathy and additional myositis. Direct DNA sequencing was performed. Results: Pathogenic mutations were identified in each case. Biopsies demonstrated inflammatory infiltrates. Conclusions: Clinicians should consider muscle biopsy in channelopathy patients with severe myalgia and/or subacute weakness and accompanying elevated creatine kinase. Chance association of myositis and channelopathy is statistically unlikely. An alternative hypothesis suggests that inflammatory insults could contribute to myopathy in some patients. Muscle Nerve 44: 283-288, 201

    Délier les langues sans défaire les liens

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    « Restons groupĂ©s ! » L’injonction semble parfois vaine, parfois dangereuse. Quels qu’en soient les effets, elle reflĂšte le travail social de crĂ©ation, d’entretien et de mise en cause des collectifs et des discours sur ces collectifs. Que signifie « appartenir Ă  un groupe » lorsque la sociĂ©tĂ© est travaillĂ©e par des logiques individualistes tout autant que par le renouvellement des modalitĂ©s de l’engagement collectif et la composition/recomposition des groupes ? Les discours jouent Ă  cet Ă©gard..

    Un processus à décision de Markov en temps discret pour minimiser l'énergie sous des contraintes d'échéances

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    This paper proposes a Discrete Time Markov Decision Process (MDP) approach to compute the optimal on-line speed scaling policy to minimize the energy consumption of a single processor executing a finite or infinite set of jobs with real-time constraints. We provide several qualitative properties of the optimal policy: monotonicity with respect to the jobs parameters, comparison with on-line deterministic algorithms. Numerical experiments in several scenarios show that our proposition performs well when compared with off-line optimal solutions and out-performs on-line solutions oblivious to statistical information on the jobs
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