From Rio to Romola: Morality and Didacticism in the English Appreciation of Early Italian Art 1836-1863

This thesis takes as its starting point the marked rise in interest in the earlier schools of Italian painting in the English art world during the 1840s. Over the course of this decade the study and collection of so-called 'primitive' painting was transformed from a marginal pursuit to an aspect of mainstream taste. The thesis defines the critical discourse formulated in order to rationalise the taste for art works which failed to conform to the principles which had governed the appreciation of old master painting in previous decades. It also studies the ramifications of this discourse with regards to broader conceptions of art history, both in works of criticism and in spaces of display. The discussion focuses upon the writing of A.F.Rio, John Ruskin and Anna Jameson. and the displays of the National Gallery, British Institution and Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition of 1857. It is my contention that the taste for early Italian painting and the theories which supported it gave fresh impetus to the cause of popular education in art history; in terms of galleries at least, this manifested itself in a new concern with historiography in the composition and arrangement of public collections of ancient art. Acceptance of the discourse and the art it championed was far from universal, however. Objections and difficulties regarding religious denomination were persistent, due to the prominence of tensions relating to this issue in England during this period, and the fact that much ' primitive' art drew its iconography from Catholic dogma. In the 1850s, objections to the discourse on a conceptual level also mounted, and the revision of its tenets was widespread in works of criticism and literature. Particular attention is given to developments in the theories of Ruskin, the controversy which surrounded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and the positions taken in Robert Browning's Men and Women and George Eliot's Romula

Correlation of stress and predisposition in onset of illness in Masters of Social Work students

This study addressed the specific problem of whether there is a significant correlation between stress and the onset of predisposed disease. Because most graduate programs are stressful and it is known that several social work graduate students in one cohort at CSUSB were diagnosed with diabetes as well as migraines and depression, the population for this study was Master\u27s of Social Work (MSW) students at California State University, San Bernardino, (CSUSB)

COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGY TO ANALYZE THE EFFECT OF MASS TRANSFER RATE ON ATTENUATION OF LEAKED CARBON DIOXIDE IN SHALLOW AQUIFERS

Exsolution and re-dissolution of CO2 gas within heterogeneous porous media are investigated using experimental data and mathematical modeling. In a set of bench-scale experiments, water saturated with CO2 under a given pressure is injected into a 2-D water-saturated porous media system, causing CO2 gas to exsolve and migrate upwards. A layer of fine sand mimicking a heterogeneity within a shallow aquifer is present in the tank to study accumulation and trapping of exsolved CO2. Then, clean water is injected into the system and the accumulated CO2 dissolves back into the flowing water. Simulated exsolution and dissolution mass transfer processes are studied using both nearequilibrium and kinetic approaches and compared to experimental data under conditions that do and do not include lateral background water flow. The mathematical model is based on the mixed hybrid finite element method that allows for accurate simulation of both advection- and diffusion- dominated processes

Probing chemical space with alkaloid-inspired libraries

Screening of small-molecule libraries is an important aspect of probe and drug discovery science. Numerous authors have suggested that bioactive natural products are attractive starting points for such libraries because of their structural complexity and sp 3 -rich character. Here, we describe the construction of a screening library based on representative members of four families of biologically active alkaloids (Stemonaceae, the structurally related cyclindricine and lepadiformine families, lupin and Amaryllidaceae). In each case, scaffolds were based on structures of the naturally occurring compounds or a close derivative. Scaffold preparation was pursued following the development of appropriate enabling chemical methods. Diversification provided 686 new compounds suitable for screening. The libraries thus prepared had structural characteristics, including sp 3 content, comparable to a basis set of representative natural products and were highly rule-of-five compliant

Probing Chemical Space with Alkaloid-Inspired Libraries

Screening of small molecule libraries is an important aspect of probe and drug discovery science. Numerous authors have suggested that bioactive natural products are attractive starting points for such libraries, due to their structural complexity and sp3-rich character. Here, we describe the construction of a screening library based on representative members of four families of biologically active alkaloids (Stemonaceae, the structurally related cyclindricine and lepadiformine families, lupin, and Amaryllidaceae). In each case, scaffolds were based on structures of the naturally occurring compounds or a close derivative. Scaffold preparation was pursued following the development of appropriate enabling chemical methods. Diversification provided 686 new compounds suitable for screening. The libraries thus prepared had structural characteristics, including sp3 content, comparable to a basis set of representative natural products and were highly rule-of-five compliant

Geochemical tracers for monitoring offshore CO2 stores

Chemical tracers are proposed as an effective means of detecting, attributing and quantifying any CO2 leaks to surface from geological CO2 storage sites, a key component of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology. A significant proportion of global CO2 storage capacity is located offshore, with some regions of the world having no onshore stores. To assure regulatory bodies and the public of CO2 storage integrity it is important to demonstrate that robust offshore monitoring systems are in place. A range of chemical tracers for leakage have been tested at onshore pilot CCS projects worldwide, but to date they have not been trialled at injection projects or CO2 release experiments located offshore. Here, for the first time, we critically review the current issues surrounding commercial scale use of tracers for offshore CCS projects, and examine the constraints and cost implications posed by the marine environment. These constraints include the logistics of sampling for tracers offshore, the fate of tracers in marine environments, tracer background levels, marine toxicity and legislative barriers – with particular focus on the Europe and the UK. It is clear that chemicals that form a natural component of the CO2 stream are preferable tracers for ease of permitting and avoiding cost and risks of procuring and artificially adding a tracer. However, added tracers offer more reliability in terms of their unique composition and the ability to control and regulate concentrations. We identify helium and xenon isotopes (particularly 124,129Xe), and artificial tracers such as PFCs and deuterated methane as the most suitable added tracers. This is due to their conservative behaviour, low environmental impact and relative inexpense. Importantly, we also find that SF6 and C14 are not viable tracers for CCS due to environmental concerns, and many other potential tracers can be ruled out on the basis of cost. Further, we identify key challenges that are unique to using tracers for offshore monitoring, and highlight critical uncertainties that future work should address. These include possible adsorption or dispersion of tracer compounds during ascent through the overburden, longevity of tracers over the timeframes relevant for CCS monitoring, the permissible environmental effects of tracer leakage, and tracer behaviour in seabed CO2 bubble streams and in dissolved CO2. These uncertainties directly affect the selection of appropriate tracers, the injection programme and concentrations necessary for their reliable detection, and appropriate sampling approaches. Hence offshore tracer selection and associated expense are currently poorly constrained. Further, there is limited experience of sampling for tracers in the marine environment; current approaches are expensive and must be streamlined to enable affordable monitoring strategies. Further work is necessary to address these unknowns so as to evaluate the performance of potential tracers for CO2 leak quantitation and provide more accurate costings for effective offshore tracer monitoring programmes

The influence of oxygen isotope exchange between CO2 and H2O in natural CO2-rich spring waters: implications for geothermometry

Oxygen isotope ratio (δ18O) value deviations from the Meteoric Water Line with no significant change in the hydrogen isotope (δ2H) composition have been reported in naturally occurring CO2-rich waters from around the world. Here we review the effects of oxygen isotope exchange with CO2, high temperature equilibration with bedrock minerals and mineral dissolution and precipitation reactions on the CO2-rich water isotopic composition. We present two case studies from Daylesford (Australia) and Pah Tempe (Utah, USA) mineral springs, where we use a numerical geochemical modelling approach to resolve the influence of low temperature water-rock interactions and CO2 equilibration on the observed oxygen isotope ranges observed in the mineral waters. In both cases, we find that mineral dissolution – precipitation reactions are unlikely to have a significant effect on the groundwater isotopic compositions, and that the observed δ18O values in natural CO2 springs can be simply explained by equilibrium fractionation between water and free phase CO2. Traditionally, the interaction of CO2 and water in a natural CO2-rich groundwater setting has only been associated with water 18O depletion and this is the first study to consider 18O enrichment. We establish that in a natural setting, CO2 and water equilibration can result in water 18O depletion or enrichment, and that the change in the oxygen isotope composition ultimately depends on the initial CO2 and water δ18O values. Our new conceptual model therefore provides a mechanism to explain water 18O enrichment at ambient temperatures. This finding is critical for the use of δ18O in groundwater geothermometry and for the interpretation of natural water circulation depths: we argue that in some cases, natural waters previously interpreted as geothermal based on their oxygen isotope composition may actually have acquired their isotopic signature through interaction with CO2 at ambient temperatures