Análisis de la deuda soberana en la UE-15

La calificación del riesgo país mediante la emisión de ratings es de gran trascendencia tanto para los inversores como para los gestores públicos. El coste del servicio de la deuda puede verse afectado por una mala clasificación e incluso algunos inversores rechazan invertir en productos que tengan un rating inferior a determinado nivel. Estas clasificaciones son realizadas por entidades privadas, conocidas como “agencias de rating”, que basan su negocio en cobrar sus servicios a los emisores. Adicionalmente también califican deuda para la que no han sido contratadas basándose en la información pública. Esta vinculación comercial sólo con algunas de las entidades clasificadas hace que se planteen dudas sobre su neutralidad e independencia. La tardía reacción en la crisis de 2008, y en particular el caso de la clasificación de Grecia, hizo que los gestores públicos se preocuparan por la falta de transparencia de estas entidades y así se han emitido distintas disposiciones regulatorias tanto en Europa como en Estados Unidos para evitar esta opacidad. A pesar de esto al intervenir comités que asignan los ratings en función de información de diversa índole sus metodologías siguen siendo poco transparentes. Es por ello que a lo largo de la historia se han realizado diversos intentos de estimar los ratings de deuda soberana con distinto nivel éxito. La revisión de la literatura pone de manifiesto que para estimar los ratings se han utilizado una gran cantidad de variables y de metodologías.En este trabajo se propone seleccionar un conjunto limitado de variables partiendo de un modelo macroeconómico de dinámica de la deuda. Estas variables serán verificadas con distintos tipos de clasificadores, tanto de la estadística clásica como los propuestos por modernas técnicas de aprendizaje automático. Para el estudio se han escogido los quince países que formaban la Unión Europea en el año 2000, durante un periodo que va desde el año 2002 al año 2017. De esta forma se consideran los años previos a la crisis financiera de 2008 como la posterior recuperación. Además, partiendo de los análisis que demuestran una asimetría en los movimientos de rating se ha aplicado una transformación a la serie clasificada, denominada “filtrado”, que aproxima mejor las estimaciones de rating a las clasificaciones otorgadas por las agencias, capturando mejor su comportamiento

Bajo el Cristo del Perdón : leyenda dramática en tres actos y en verso

Copia digital. Valladolid : Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 2009-201

A 3D microfluidic paper-based analytical device with smartphone-assisted colorimetric detection for iodine speciation in seaweed samples

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUGThe present work reports on the development of a 3D origami microfluidic paper-based analytical device (3D µPAD) for the determination of iodide and iodate in edible seaweeds by smartphone-based colorimetric detection. In addition, a methacrylate holder was designed and fabricated to enhance interlayer contact in 3D µPADs, obtaining excellent sensitivity and precision, also allowing real-time monitoring in a straightforward and expeditious way. The reported assay, based on the formation of a blue colored triiodide-starch complex at the detection areas of the 3D µPAD, represents an affordable, fast and greener alternative for the simultaneous determination of inorganic iodine species. Under optimal conditions, the proposed method showed limits of detection and quantification of 9.8 and 32.7 µM for I- and 0.6 and 1.8 µM for IO3-, respectively. The repeatability, expressed as relative standard deviation, was 1.7% and 3.3% for I- and IO3-, respectively. The proposed 3D µPAD was applied to the determination of iodine species in extracts of edible seaweeds and related food additives, showing satisfactory recoveries (90–109%).Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RTI2018-093697-B-I0

Evaluation of alpha 1-antitrypsin and the levels of mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase 7, urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor and COX-2 for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of death from cancer in both men and women in the majority of developed countries. Molecular tests of blood could potentially provide this ideal screening tool. Aim Our objective was to assess the usefulness of serum markers and mRNA expression levels in the diagnosis of CRC. Methods In a prospective study, we measured mRNA expression levels of 13 markers (carbonic anhydrase, guanylyl cyclase C, plasminogen activator inhibitor, matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7), urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), urokinase-type plasminogen activator, survivin, tetranectin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cytokeratin 20, thymidylate synthase, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and CD44) and three proteins in serum (alpha 1 antitrypsin, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and activated C3 in 42 patients with CRC and 33 with normal colonoscopy results. Results Alpha 1-antitrypsin was the serum marker that was most useful for CRC diagnosis (1.79±0.25 in the CRC group vs 1.27±0.25 in the control group, P<0.0005). The area under the ROC curve for alpha 1-antitrypsin was 0.88 (0.79-0.96). The mRNA expression levels of five markers were statistically different between CRC cases and controls: those for which the ROC area was over 75% were MMP7 (0.81) and tetranectin (0.80), COX-2 (0.78), uPAR (0.78) and carbonic anhydrase (0.77). The markers which identified early stage CRC (Stages I and II) were alpha 1-antitrypsin, uPAR, COX-2 and MMP7. Conclusions Serum alpha 1-antitrypsin and the levels of mRNA expression of MMP7, COX-2 and uPAR have good diagnostic accuracy for CRC, even in the early stages

El ejercicio médico en San Sebastián durante el siglo XIX

El ejercicio médico en San Sebastián durante el siglo XIX estuvo influenciado por diferentes acontecimientos y características de la ciudad: los episodios bélicos las epidemias la destrucción de 1813 y el ensanche de 1864 la burguesía dominante, su elección como sede del veraneo real su situación costera y fronteriza y su capitalidad. La mayoría de los profesionales fueron de la cuna vasca. El municipio contó con médicos titulares, médicos de hospital y con servicios pioneros como: el Cuarto de Socorro y las Inspecciones de Salubridad y Ferrocarriles. La situación de intrusismo y la lucha de clase se plasmaron en la fundación del Colegio profesional. Los médicos donostiarras participaron en la fundación del Ateneo, del Banco de San Sebastián y de los primeros periódicos de la Provincia.XIX. mendeko Donostian, gertakari desberdinek eta hiri egoera bereziek eragin handia izan zuten mediku eta kirurgileen iharduera profesionalean. Hona hemen nagusiak: izurriteak, 1813ko suntsipena eta 1864ko zabaldegia, burgesiaren hazkundea, Donostia errege-erreginen uda egoitza, itsas eta muga hiri izatea, Donostia hiriburu. Profesional gehienak euskaldunak ziren jatorriz. Udalak sendagile titularrak, ospitale medikuak eta zerbitzu aurreratuak zituen: Sorospen Zentrua, Osasun eta Burdinbide Ikuskatzailea. Intrusismoa eta klase borroka ez ziren Kolegio profesionala sortzerakoan bazter gelditu. Sendagile donostiarrek parte hartu zuten Ateneoaren, Banco de San Sebastián banketxearen eta herrialdeko lehen egunkarien sorreran.Medical practice in San Sebastian during the XIX century was influenced by different events and characteristics of the town its bellicose episodes, its epidemics, its destruction in 1813 and its enlargements in 1864 its dominant bourgeosie, its choice as the place for royal summering its coastal situation and border and its capital. Most of professionals were of a basque cradle. The town had entitled physician, hospital physicians and pioneer services as: the First-Aid Post and Health and Railway Inspections. The situations of intrusion and class struggle were expressed in the foundation of the professional College. Physicians from San Sebastián took part in the foundation of the Atheneum, in the Bank of San Sebastián and in the first newspapers of the Region

Los médicos donostiarras y la fundación del Colegio de Médicos de Guipúzcoa

Este trabajo hace referencia al movimiento del asociacionismo médico en el País, a lo largo del siglo XIX. Se considera al Instituto Médico de Gipuzkoa como el primer órgano profesional de la provincia, y que data de mediados del siglo XIX. El Dr. Acha fue la figura médica guipuzcoana que más trabajó por la unidad y defensa de la clase médica, con la revista "La Razón", que luchaba contra el intrusismo. La fundación del Colegio de Médicos de Gipuzkoa data de 1899, siendo su primer Presidente el Dr. Juan José Celaya.Lan honetan XIX. mendearen luzeran Euskal Herriko medikuek elkartzeko buruturiko mugimendua aipatzen da. XIX. mendearen erdialdekoa den Instituto Médico de Guipúzcoa delakoa probintziako lehen organo profesional gisa aipatzen da. Gipuzkoan klase medikoaren batasunaren eta defentsaren alde lanik gehien egin zuen medikuntzaren lehen pertsonaia Acha doktorea izan zen, intrusismoaren aurka borrokatzen zen "La Razón" aldizkariaren bidez. Gipuzkoako Medikuen Elkartearen sorrera 1899koa da eta haren lehen Presidentea Juan José Celaya doktorea izan zen.This work refers to the movement of medical associations in the Country throughout the 19th century. The Gipuzkoa Medical Institute is considered to have been the first professional organ in the province, since it dates back to the mid-19th century. Dr. Acha was the Gipuzkoan figure who worked most for the unity and defence of the medical class, with the "La Razón" magazine, which fought against the entry of unqualified people into the profession. The foundation of the Medical Association of Doctors of Gipuzkoa dates from 1899, and its first President was Dr. Juan José Celaya

Bromine speciation by a paper-based sensor integrated with a citric acid/cysteamine fluorescent probe and smartphone detection

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUGThe present work reports on a sensitive and affordable non-instrumental method for the determination of bromine species in environmental waters by combination of paper-based headspace sampling and smartphone-based fluorescence detection. The proposed approach takes advantage of the luminescence quenching of a probe (5-oxo-3,5-dihydro-2 H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridine-7-carboxylic acid, TPCA) derived from natural compounds, namely, citric acid and cysteamine, when exposed to molecular bromine. The decreased luminescence intensity of the probe was attributed to the formation of a dibrominated derivative of TPCA at the detection area of a paper-based analytical device (PAD). Remarkably, PADs modified with the luminescent probe showed excellent stability. Under optimal conditions, the proposed approach showed limits of detection of 5.4 µg L-1 and 0.9 µg L-1 for Br- and BrO3-, respectively, with a repeatability lower than 10% for both bromine species. The non-instrumental method was validated against two certified reference materials, namely BCR-611 and BCR-612 (low and high level Br- in groundwater), and successfully applied to the analysis of environmental water samples with recoveries in the range 93–106%.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RTI2018-093697-B-I00Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431I 2020/0

Local irrigation with silver nitrate, a non-surgical approach for persistent anal fistula

Purpose: Treatment of persistent anal fistula implies a major challenge for surgeons, with risk of additional recurrence and potential continence impairment. We present a non-surgical treatment based on irrigation with silver nitrate 1% solution. Methods: This is a prospective study including patients with persistent anal fistula after surgery, who were treated with silver nitrate 1% solution irrigation from May 2015 to March 2017. Patients with evidence of abscess, presence of >1 external opening and those with bowel inflammatory disease were excluded. 3–5 cc of silver nitrate 1% solution were instilled through a catheter. The procedure was repeated on a weekly basis, conducting a maximum of 7 sessions per patient. Results: 18 patients (13 male, 72.2%) with a median age of 48 years old (IQR 41–55) were treated using silver nitrate 1% solution. A median of 5 sessions per patient was performed (IQR 3–6). The median follow-up period was 18 months (IQR 9–25). After the described period 8 patients’ (44.4%) presented complete resolution of the fistula, 2 patients’ (11.2%) were classified as partial healing and in 8 patients’ (44.4%) the treatment was considered to fail. 6 patients’ experienced self-limited pain during instillation, with persistence up to 24 h in 2 of them. Conclusions: Treatment with silver nitrate 1% solution is a minimally invasive procedure, with a favourable safety profile, that can be performed in an outpatients’ basis achieving a complete healing rate of 44.4%. Therefore, this method should be considered for the treatment of recurrent or persistent anal fistula. Resumo: Objetivo: O tratamento da fístula anal persistente é um grande desafio para os cirurgiões, com risco de recorrência adicional e potencial comprometimento da continência. Os autores apresentam um tratamento não cirúrgico baseado na irrigação com solução de nitrato de prata a 1%. Métodos: Este foi um estudo prospectivo incluindo pacientes com fístula anal persistente após a cirurgia que foram tratados com irrigação com solução de nitrato de prata a 1% entre maio de 2015 e março de 2017. Pacientes com evidência de abscesso, presença de mais de uma abertura externa e aqueles com doença inflamatória intestinal foram excluídos. Usando um cateter, instilou-se 3 a 5 cc. de solução de nitrato de prata a 1%. O procedimento foi repetido semanalmente, em um máximo de sete sessões por paciente. Resultados: Um total de 18 pacientes (13 homens, 72,2%) com idade mediana de 48 anos (IQR 41–55) foram tratados com solução de nitrato de prata a 1%. Uma mediana de cinco sessões por paciente foi realizada (IQR 3–6). A mediana do período de acompanhamento foi de 18 meses (IQR 9–25). Após o período descrito, oito pacientes (44,4%) apresentaram resolução completa da fístula, dois pacientes (11,2%) foram classificados como cicatrização parcial e em oito pacientes (44,4%) o tratamento falhou. Seis pacientes apresentaram dor autolimitada durante a instilação, que persistiu por até 24 horas em dois deles. Conclusões: O tratamento com solução de nitrato de prata a 1% é um procedimento minimamente invasivo, com perfil de segurança favorável, que pode ser realizado em regime ambulatorial, atingindo taxa de cura completa de 44,4%. Portanto, este método deve ser considerado para o tratamento da fístula anal recorrente ou persistente. Keywords: Persistent anal fistula, Silver nitrate, Non-surgical, Complications, Palavras-chave: Fístula anal persistente, Nitrato de prata, Não cirúrgico, Complicaçõe