Differences in Haemophilus parasuis adherence to and invasion of AOC-45 porcine aorta endothelial cells

8 p.Background: The pathogenesis of Haemophilus parasuis depends on the bacterium’s ability to interact with endothelial cells and invade adjacent tissues. In this study, we investigated the abilities of eight H. parasuis reference strains belonging to serovars 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 13 to adhere to and invade porcine aortic endothelial cells (AOC-45 cell line). Results: The strains belonging to serovars 1, 2 and 5 were able to attach at high rates between 60 and 240 min of incubation, and serovars 4, 7 and 13 had moderate attachment rates; however, the strains belonging to serovars 9 and 10 had low adherence at all time points. Strong adherence was observed by scanning electron microscopy for the strains of serovars 5 and 4, which had high and moderate numbers, respectively, of H. parasuis cells attached to AOC-45 cells after 240 min of incubation. The highest invasiveness was reached at 180 min by the serovar 4 strain, followed by the serovar 5 strain at 240 min. The invasion results differed substantially depending on the strain. Conclusion: The reference strains of H. parasuis serovars 1, 2, 4 and 5 exhibited high adhesion and invasion levels to AOC-45 porcine aorta endothelial cells, and these findings could aid to better explain the pathogenesis of the disease caused by these serovars.S

Characterization of growth and body composition of Wagyu X Angus during the phases of backgrounding and finishing

Com o objetivo de caracterizar o crescimento de animais cruza Wagyu x Angus, 24 machos castrados e 23 fêmeas foram separados em: G1M (Grupo 1 Machos, com percentagem de gordura intramuscular inicial > 3,4%, n= 11), G2M (Grupo 2 Machos, com percentagem de gordura intramuscular inicial 3,9%, n= 12) e G2F (Grupo 2 Fêmeas, com percentagem de gordura intramuscular inicial 3,4%, n= 11), G2M (Group 1 Males, with initial percentage of intramuscular fat 3,9%, n= 12) e G2F (Group 2 Females, with initial of intramuscular fat percentage < 3,9%, n= 11) and evaluated with serial ultrasound measurements fitted every 56 days. To estimate carcass traits were used 21 steers, assessed by ultrasound 3 to 8 days pre slaughter and afterwards in the carcass after 48 hours of cooling. The G2M group showed higher deposition of ultrasound subcutaneous fat thickness (UFAT) in six periods of evaluation when compared to G1M, displaying a distinct subcutaneous fat deposition rate between groups of 0.69 mm/100 days and 0.65mm/100 days to G2M and G1M, respectively. Only possible to evidence a significant difference in the first evaluation of the ultrasound percentage of intramuscular fat (UPFAT) between G1M and G2M, both showed linear growth with an increase rate of 0.28%/100 days, it became clear that there were rises above 0.1% of UPFAT from 280 days of the evaluation period, when the average daily gain (ADG) of body weight was above 0.650 kg/day. The development rate of ultrasound longissimus muscle area (ULMA) was different between the groups of females, increasing 3.8 cm2/100 days and 3.4 cm2/100 days to the G1F and G2F, respectively. There were significant differences in the UPFAT in just the first four assessments between G1F and G2F. The corrections between carcass longissimus muscle area (CLMA) wit measured by ultrasound (ULMA) was 0.93 and carcass fat thickness (CFAT) whit fat thickness by ultrasound (UFAT) was 0.86. The UPFAT weaning did not affect the growth of muscle tissue in males and fat in females. Subcutaneous fat in the anatomical site of the rib in males and ULMA in females showed distinct growth compared to the UPFAT weaning. Ultrasonography is a technology that can be used to estimate the development of tissue fat and muscle with repeated measurements over time. The body weight and the ADG affected the change in muscle and adipose tissue during growth

Characterization of growth and body composition of Wagyu X Angus during the phases of backgrounding and finishing

Com o objetivo de caracterizar o crescimento de animais cruza Wagyu x Angus, 24 machos castrados e 23 fêmeas foram separados em: G1M (Grupo 1 Machos, com percentagem de gordura intramuscular inicial > 3,4%, n= 11), G2M (Grupo 2 Machos, com percentagem de gordura intramuscular inicial 3,9%, n= 12) e G2F (Grupo 2 Fêmeas, com percentagem de gordura intramuscular inicial 3,4%, n= 11), G2M (Group 1 Males, with initial percentage of intramuscular fat 3,9%, n= 12) e G2F (Group 2 Females, with initial of intramuscular fat percentage < 3,9%, n= 11) and evaluated with serial ultrasound measurements fitted every 56 days. To estimate carcass traits were used 21 steers, assessed by ultrasound 3 to 8 days pre slaughter and afterwards in the carcass after 48 hours of cooling. The G2M group showed higher deposition of ultrasound subcutaneous fat thickness (UFAT) in six periods of evaluation when compared to G1M, displaying a distinct subcutaneous fat deposition rate between groups of 0.69 mm/100 days and 0.65mm/100 days to G2M and G1M, respectively. Only possible to evidence a significant difference in the first evaluation of the ultrasound percentage of intramuscular fat (UPFAT) between G1M and G2M, both showed linear growth with an increase rate of 0.28%/100 days, it became clear that there were rises above 0.1% of UPFAT from 280 days of the evaluation period, when the average daily gain (ADG) of body weight was above 0.650 kg/day. The development rate of ultrasound longissimus muscle area (ULMA) was different between the groups of females, increasing 3.8 cm2/100 days and 3.4 cm2/100 days to the G1F and G2F, respectively. There were significant differences in the UPFAT in just the first four assessments between G1F and G2F. The corrections between carcass longissimus muscle area (CLMA) wit measured by ultrasound (ULMA) was 0.93 and carcass fat thickness (CFAT) whit fat thickness by ultrasound (UFAT) was 0.86. The UPFAT weaning did not affect the growth of muscle tissue in males and fat in females. Subcutaneous fat in the anatomical site of the rib in males and ULMA in females showed distinct growth compared to the UPFAT weaning. Ultrasonography is a technology that can be used to estimate the development of tissue fat and muscle with repeated measurements over time. The body weight and the ADG affected the change in muscle and adipose tissue during growth

Average daily gain rates determine eye muscle area and rump fat depth of beef heifers

In cow-calf beef production systems, the growth and development of replacement heifers deserve special attention because they affect the age at puberty and the onset of reproductive activity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test if changes in average daily gain (ADG) have an effect on eye muscle area, rump fat depth and back-fat thickness in developing beef heifers. These traits of 42 beef heifers were measured over time. The results of the current study allow inferring that heifers older than 385 days and with high rates of ADG (above 0.950 kg per day) have the greatest impact on longissimus muscle area growth (above 57 cm2). On the other hand, it is observed that younger heifers (less than 230 days old) do not exceed 48 cm2 of the longissimus muscle area, even with ADGs around 1.25 kg. A positive relationship between the rate of ADG and rump fat depth was also evidenced, observing that rump fat depth deposition is influenced by the rate of ADG. The results of the current study show a linear trajectory of rump fat depth, indicating that for every 0.10 kg of ADG during a period exceeding 56 days, an increase of 1.09 mm of rump fat depth occurs. In conclusion, this study illustrates a simple way on how ADG and age affect the body composition traits in beef heifers and shows that changes in average daily gain affect muscle and fat tissue growth, as determined by longissimus muscle area and rump fat depth in growing beef heifers

Blastocyst development of oocytes recovered from slaughterhouse ovaries (CONT) and by ovum pick-up (OPU) from the ovaries of non-superstimulated females (IMA), superstimulated females (FSH) and superstimulated females that received an ovulation inducer (MII) that were vitrified (VIT) at the metaphase II stage.

<p>^a,b,c,d Values with different superscripts in the same column are different at P<0.05.</p><p>* Hatched blastocyst at D8 as a percentage of oocyte number.</p><p>Blastocyst development of oocytes recovered from slaughterhouse ovaries (CONT) and by ovum pick-up (OPU) from the ovaries of non-superstimulated females (IMA), superstimulated females (FSH) and superstimulated females that received an ovulation inducer (MII) that were vitrified (VIT) at the metaphase II stage.</p

Comparison of the relative intensity of most dispersed ions after mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) analyses, of oocytes from different maturation systems.

<p>The 760.6 ion corresponds to [PC (34:1) + H] ⁺ and 782.6 to [PC (34:6) + H] ⁺ or [PC (34:1) + Na], both phosphatidylcholines (PC).</p><p>^ab Different letters in the same column indicates statically differences among the treatments after ANOVA according to Tukey’s test (P<0.05).</p><p>CONT = oocytes from slaughterhouse ovaries and matured in vitro; IMA = OPU oocytes from non-stimulated animals and matured in vitro; FSH = OPU oocytes from FSH simulated animal and matured in vitro; MII = OPU oocytes after in vivo maturation.</p><p>The data are expressed as arbitrary unit intensity and standard deviation (±SD), and each ion represents a different phospholipid.</p

Total number (N), mean and standard deviation (±SD) of follicles per female evaluated and classified by the color Doppler, after nine replicates, as having intense, moderate or absent blood vascularization in the ovaries of non-superstimulated (IMA), superstimulated (FSH) and superstimulated females that received an ovulation inducer (MII).

<p>^a,b,c Values with different superscripts in the same column are significantly different by Kruskall-Wallis test (P < 0.05).</p><p>Total number (N), mean and standard deviation (±SD) of follicles per female evaluated and classified by the color Doppler, after nine replicates, as having intense, moderate or absent blood vascularization in the ovaries of non-superstimulated (IMA), superstimulated (FSH) and superstimulated females that received an ovulation inducer (MII).</p

Percentage, mean (μm) and standard deviation (SD) of size (μm) and total cell number of D8 blastocyst with diameters > 160 μm derived from oocytes of different maturation conditions: slaughterhouse ovaries (CONT) and by OPU, from ovaries of non-superstimulated females (IMA), superstimulated females (FSH) and superstimulated females that had received a ovulatory inducer (MII).

<p>^a,b,c,d Values with different superscripts in the same column are significantly different by Kruskall-Wallis test (P < 0.05).</p><p>CONT = oocytes from slaughterhouse ovaries that were matured in vitro; IMA = OPU oocytes from non-stimulated animals matured in vitro; FSH = OPU oocytes from FSH simulated animal and matured in vitro; MII = OPU oocytes after in vivo maturation.</p><p>*Represents to the quantity of embryos that was able to be evaluated in the counting of total cell numbers because some embryos were lost during staining or could not be observed.</p><p>Percentage, mean (μm) and standard deviation (SD) of size (μm) and total cell number of D8 blastocyst with diameters > 160 μm derived from oocytes of different maturation conditions: slaughterhouse ovaries (CONT) and by OPU, from ovaries of non-superstimulated females (IMA), superstimulated females (FSH) and superstimulated females that had received a ovulatory inducer (MII).</p

Experimental design flow diagram.

<p>Flow diagram of experimental design for the different treatments. Oocytes recovered from slaughterhouse ovaries (CONT), obtained by OPU from non-superstimulated females (IMA) and from superstimulated females (FSH) were matured in vitro. In vivo-matured oocytes were obtained by OPU from superstimulated females that received an ovulation inducer 24 hours previously (MII). A sample of matured oocytes from each of four groups was used to study the composition of plasma membrane phospholipids using MALDI-TOF. The remaining oocytes were divided in half, one half consisting of non-vitrified fresh oocytes (CONT, IMA, FSH and MII) and other of vitrified/ warmed oocytes (CONT Vit, IMA Vit, FSH Vit and MII Vit). At the end of the warming process, the eight groups were used for in vitro fertilization and culture. Cleavage at D2 and blastocyst development at D7 and D8 were evaluated. At D8, all of the blastocysts were measured, and those larger than 160 μM in diameter were stained for total cell number counting.</p

3D PCA plot for MALDI-TOF data of individual oocytes from different maturation systems.

<p>Shown is a 3D PCA plot for the MALDI-TOF data of single oocytes. a) Red (n = 12), blue (n = 13), pink (n = 13) and dark yellow (n = 10). Each point indicates the 3D PCA plot of an oocyte based on its phospholipid composition. The following four fresh oocyte experimental groups are represented: immature and in vitro-matured oocytes recovered from slaughter house ovaries (CONT), oocytes obtained by OPU from non-superstimulated females (IMA), superstimulated females (FSH) and in vivo-matured oocytes obtained by OPU from superstimulated females that received an ovulation inducer (MI). b) indicates the main ions represented, 760.6[PC (34:1) + H]⁺ and 782.6 [PC (34:6) + H]⁺ or [PC (34:1) + Na]⁺, are responsible for the most variability between the treatments. The three principal components explain >73% of the variability of the data.</p