Policy brief: the future of the Andean water towers

Highlights Glaciers, snow, permafrost, lakes and wetlands are natural reservoirs of water. They support communities across the Andes. Andean glaciers are shrinking, and the rate of ice loss is accelerating. Andean glaciers are thinning by an average of 0.7 m per year, ~35% faster than the global average. Climate change is raising air temperatures, decreasing snowfall and increasing droughts across the Andes. Extreme weather events are likely to become more frequent and severe, with heat stress, forest fires, floods and landslides threatening local communities. Under the highest emissions scenarios, projections show an almost total glacier loss in the Tropical Andes. Glaciers across the rest of the Andes will experience significant losses under an optimistic climate scenario, and up to 58% of the present ice volume will be lost under a higher emissions scenario. Warming affects precipitation, snow and glaciers, which together control ecologically, socially and economically important high-altitude wetlands. These wetlands also have the potential to form an alternative water store as glacier snow and ice stores are depleted. Glacier shrinkage and eventual disappearance will decrease downstream water availability, and could contribute to extreme droughts in the arid and semi-arid Andes, impacting food and water security to populations along the length of the Andes. Adaptation strategies should be implemented by working together with affected communities, considering regional variations, and assessing the impact of glacier loss, alongside water demand and human vulnerabilities

Kant e o problema da origem das representações elementares: apontamentos

Il s'agit d'examiner l'origine des représentations fondamentales (formes de la réceptivité et formes intelectuelles )face à la critique faite par Kant des idées innées et abstraites.Trata-se de considerara origem das representações fundamentais (formas de receptividade e formas intelectuais), face à crítica de Kant às idéias inatas e abstratas.UNESP Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Departamento de FilosofiaUNESP Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Departamento de Filosofi

Modelling and climatic interpretation of the length fluctuations of Glaciar Frías (north Patagonian Andes, Argentina) 1639-2009 AD

We explore the climatic information contained in the record of length fluctuations of Glaciar Frías, in the north Patagonian Andes of Argentina. This record is one of the longest and most detailed glacier records in southern South America, starting in 1639. In order to interpret the length variations of Glaciar Frías since the maximum Little Ice Age extent, we use a combination of a simplified surface energy-balance model to calculate the glacier mass balance, and a flowline model to account for the dynamical response of the glacier to changes in the climatic forcing. The overall retreat of the glacier observed over 1639-2009 is best explained by an annual mean temperature increase of 1.2 °C or a decrease in annual precipitation of 34%, most of which would have occurred during the 20th century. The glacier model is also forced with two independent tree-ring and multi-proxy reconstructions of precipitation and temperature. The uncertainties in these reconstructions are rather large, leading to a wide range in the modelled glacier length that includes most of the observations. However, in both reconstructions, the mid-17th century seems to be too cold and the early 19th century too warm to explain the observed glacier lengths with the glacier model forced with the reconstructions. Forcing with reconstructed precipitation and temperature separately shows that the influence of historical variations in precipitation on the glacier fluctuations of Glaciar Frías is smaller than that of the temperature fluctuations. This suggests that the observed 1639-2009 retreat could be best explained by a warming close to 1.2 °C.Fil: Leclercq, P. W.. Utrecht Univeristy. Faculty Of Sciences; Países BajosFil: Pitte, Pedro Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Giessen, R. H.. Utrecht Univeristy. Faculty Of Sciences; Países BajosFil: Masiokas, Mariano Hugo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Oerlemans, J.. Utrecht Univeristy. Faculty Of Sciences; Países Bajo

Persona-fied brands: managing branded persons through persona

We investigate how the concept of persona can be used in managing brand persona-fication. Based on interviews with informants working across the gastronomy sector, we examine the characteristics of the chef persona, and the role that chef persona plays in restaurant management. We differentiate persona-fied brands from other human brands, we dimensionalise the chef persona, and we identify two possible models of brand management through persona: (1) the distributed or fragmented persona-fication of the brand, which is based on a disjunction of different facets of the brand persona, each embodied in different persons; and (2) the unified persona-fication of the brand, which is based on the conjunction of the different facets of the brand persona. Here, the persona is embodied in a single person who embodies the different facets of the brand persona. Our analysis surfaces theoretical resonance with the performative turn in marketing scholarship