Sianida: Klasifikasi, Toksisitas, Degradasi, Analisis (Studi Pustaka)

Tulisan ini adalah studi pustaka mengenai sianida. Sianida adalah kelompok senyawa yang mengandung gugus siano yang umumnya diklasifikasikan sebagai sianida bebas, sianida sederhana dan kompleks sianida. Ketoksikan sianida ditentukan oleh jenis dan konsentrasinya yang umumnya dilihat dari kemampuannya melepaskan ion CN‒ yang berada yang berada dalam kesetimbangan dengan HCN yang toksik. Sianida dapat terdegradasi secara anorganik maupun biodegradasi. Beberapa metode dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis sianida sebagai sianida bebas (free cyanide), amenable cyanide, CN WAD, dan total sianida.This paper is a literature review of cyanide, which is a group of compounds consist of cyano. Cyanide is classified as free cyanide, simple inorganic cyanide and complex cyanide. Toxicity of cyanide is determined by its type and concentration and usually related to its ability to release CN‒ ion which is in equilibrium with HCN, a toxic species. Cyanide is able to be degraded inorganically and biologically. Several methods have been used to analyse cyanide as free cyanide, amenable cyanide, CN WAD and total cyanide

Profil Lipida Plasma Tikus Wistar Yang Hiperkolesterolemia Pada Pemberian Gedi Merah (Abelmoschus Manihot L.)

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh daun gedi merah (Abelmoschus manihot L.) terhadap kadar lipida dari plasma darah hewan uji yang menderita hiperkolesterolemia. Penelitian ini menggunakan 16 ekor tikus jantan, strain Wistar berumur 2-3 bulan dengan berat 120-250 g, dan dibagi dalam 3 tahap perlakuan. Tahap pertama, tikus diadaptasikan terlebih dahulu selama 8 hari dengan pemberian pakan standar, dan diakhiri masa adaptasi, sebanyak 3 ekor tikus dibedah untuk dianalisis kadar lipida plasmanya (Baseline). Tahap ke-2, tikus diberi pakan aterogenik selama 14 hari untuk meningkatkan kadar kolesterol plasmanya, dan diakhiri tahap ini sebanyak 3 ekor tikus dibedah untuk dianalisis kadar lipida plasmanya (kelompok Aterogenik). Tahap ke-3, tikus dibagi menjadi dua perlakuan, yakni: tikus yang diberi pakan standar (kelompok PS), dan tikus yang diberi pakan standar mengandung 36% pasta daun gedi merah (kelompok PG). Setiap perlakuan terdiri dari 5 ekor tikus dan diakhiri tahap perlakuan ini, semua tikus dibedah untuk dianalisis kadar lipida plasmaya menggunakan metode enzimatik kolorimetri. Pemberian pakan sebanyak 20 g per ekor per hari dan air minum dilakukan secara ad libitum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelompok PG secara signifikan memiliki kadartotal plasma cholesterol (TPC) yang lebih rendah daripada baseline, kelompok aterogenik dan PS, kelompok PG juga memiliki kadar kolesterol dalam partikel low density lipoproteins (k-LDL) lebih rendah daripada kelompok aterogenik, dan kelompok PG memiliki kadar trigliserida (TG) yang lebih rendah daripada kelompok aterogenik dan PS. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa mengkonsumsi pakan standar mengandung 36% pasta daun gedi merah dapat menurunkan kadar TPC, k-LDL dan trigliserida berpengaruh nyata terhadap penurunan kolesterol tikus percobaan yang hiperkolesterolemia.The purpose of this research was to study the effect of red gedi (Abelmoschus Manihot L.) leaves on the blood plasma lipid levels of the tested animals suffering from hypercholesterolemia. This study used 16 Wistar strain male rats, 2-3 months old with the body weight of 120 to 250 g. The tested animals were divided into three groups based on the treatments stages. At the first stage, all rats were adapted for 8 days with the standard food and at the end of the treatment 3 rats were dissected for plasma lipid level analysis (the baseline group). At the second stage, all rats were received atherogenic feeding for 14 days to increase the plasma cholesterol levels and at the end of the treatment 3 rats were dissected for plasma lipid level analysis (the atherogenic group). At the third stage, the rats were divided into two groups of treatments: the PS group and the PG group Each group consisted of 5 rats. The rats in The PS group were fed with standard food and the PG group were fed with the standard food containing 36% of red gedi leaf paste. At the end of the treatment, the rats were dissected for plasma lipid level analysis using enzymatic colorimetric methods. During the treatments, each rat was received 20 g of food and drinking water ad libitum. The results showedthat the total plasma cholesterol (TPC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride levels of the rats receiving red gedi (the PGgroup) were lower compare to the other groups (thebaseline, theatherogenicandPS groups). This studyconcludedthat consumingthe standardfoodcontaining 36% of redgedileaf paste was able to reduce the cholesterol levels of hypercholesterolemiarats

Kompetensi Sumberdaya Manusia Aparatur Terhadap Efektivitas Pelayanan Publik Di Kantor Camat Ratatotok Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of human resource competence of theeffectiveness of public service district governments Ratatotok Southeast Minahasa Regency.This study uses quantitative methods. Research was carried by 30 votes apparatus (PNS)Ratatotok the District government. Instruments and data collection techniques used are questionnairesand aided by structured interview (interview quide). The analysis technique used to test the hypothesisis simple statistical regression analysis and simple correlation or correlation product moment.The results of data analysis provides conclusions: (1) Based on a simple regression analysis thatthe competency of HR personnel have functional relations / positive and significant impact on theeffectiveness of public services at the sub-district office Ratatotok Southeast Minahasa Regency. Thismeans that the higher / better human resource competence of the better / higher the level ofeffectiveness of public services. (2) Based on product moment correlation analysis that the competenceof human resource to correlate and power of determination / significant influence on the effectivenessof public services at the sub-district office Ratatotok Southeast Minahasa Regency. This means thatthe competence of human resource is the dominant factor in deciding the effectiveness of publicservices; that the absence of adequate human resource competencies it is difficult to expect theeffectiveness of public services can be realized optimally.Based on the results of this study, it can be recommended some of the following: (1) To improvethe effectiveness of public services in the sub-district office Ratatotok the competence of humanresource / staff should be improved, especially technical competence / functional. For that to theofficers / employees let be given education and training (training), especially technical training /functional right or in accordance with the needs and field assignments / positions these employees. (2)Given the districts is the spearhead of the district government, the public service in the sub-districtoffice personnel stationed let / employees who have sufficient competence. This is necessary becausethe reality shows that employees are generally placed in the sub-district office is a new employee orrecently lifted (inexperienced) and inadequate education

Isoterm Adsorpsi Rhodamin B Pada Arang Aktif Kayu Linggua

Telah dilakukan penelitian adsorpsi rhodamin B pada arang aktif yang dibuat dari kayu linggua. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan koefisien adsorpsi arang aktif limbah gergajian kayu linggua terhadap zat warna rhodamin B dengan menggunakan isoterm adsorpsi Langmuir dan Freundlich. Penelitian dilakukan secara batch di mana 0,1; 0,2; 0,4; 0,7 dan 1 gram arang aktif dimasukkan ke dalam labu Erlenmeyer terpisah yang masing-masing telah berisi 100 mL larutan rhodamin B 100 ppm. Campuran kemudian diperlakukan di atas magnetic stirrer selama 50 menit dan selanjutnya konsentrasi larutan rhodamin B dianalisis menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isoterm adsorpsi rhodamin B pada arang aktif kayu linggua lebih mengikuti isoterm adsorpsi Freundlich dengan koefisien adsorpsi 2,999x10-4 dan nilai intensitas adsorpsi 1,459.Adsorption isotherm of rhodamine B by activated carbon made from linggua wood waste was investigated. The adsorption isotherm was analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The isotherm was measured by batch experiment where 0,1; 0,2; 0,4; 0,7; and 1,0 grams where added into the separated Erlenmeyer flasks filled with 100 mL of 100 ppm rhodamine B. The mixtures were then treated on magnetic stirrers for 50 minutes followed by rhodamine B analysis using spectrophotometer UV-Vis. The result showed that the isotherm followed the Freundlich model better than Langmuir with the Freundlich adsorption coefficient of 2,999x10-4 and the Freundlich exponent of 1,459

Profil Lipida Plasma Tikus Wistar yang Hiperkolesterolemia pada Pemberian Gedi Merah (Abelmoschus manihot L.)

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh daun gedi merah (Abelmoschus manihot L.) terhadap kadar lipida dari plasma darah hewan uji yang menderita hiperkolesterolemia. Penelitian ini menggunakan 16 ekor tikus jantan, strain Wistar berumur 2-3 bulan dengan berat 120-250 g, dan dibagi dalam 3 tahap perlakuan. Tahap pertama, tikus diadaptasikan terlebih dahulu selama 8 hari dengan pemberian pakan standar, dan diakhiri masa adaptasi, sebanyak 3 ekor tikus dibedah untuk dianalisis kadar lipida plasmanya (Baseline). Tahap ke-2, tikus diberi pakan aterogenik selama 14 hari untuk meningkatkan kadar kolesterol plasmanya, dan diakhiri tahap ini sebanyak 3 ekor tikus dibedah untuk dianalisis kadar lipida plasmanya (kelompok Aterogenik). Tahap ke-3, tikus dibagi menjadi dua perlakuan, yakni: tikus yang diberi pakan standar (kelompok PS), dan tikus yang diberi pakan standar mengandung 36% pasta daun gedi merah (kelompok PG). Setiap perlakuan terdiri dari 5 ekor tikus dan diakhiri tahap perlakuan ini, semua tikus dibedah untuk dianalisis kadar lipida plasmaya menggunakan metode enzimatik kolorimetri. Pemberian pakan sebanyak 20 g per ekor per hari dan air minum dilakukan secara ad libitum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelompok PG secara signifikan memiliki kadartotal plasma cholesterol (TPC) yang lebih rendah daripada baseline, kelompok aterogenik dan PS, kelompok PG juga memiliki kadar kolesterol dalam partikel low density lipoproteins (k-LDL) lebih rendah daripada kelompok aterogenik, dan kelompok PG memiliki kadar trigliserida (TG) yang lebih rendah daripada kelompok aterogenik dan PS. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa mengkonsumsi pakan standar mengandung 36% pasta daun gedi merah dapat menurunkan kadar TPC, k-LDL dan trigliserida berpengaruh nyata terhadap penurunan kolesterol tikus percobaan yang hiperkolesterolemia.The purpose of this research was to study the effect of red gedi (Abelmoschus Manihot L.) leaves on the blood plasma lipid levels of the tested animals suffering from hypercholesterolemia. This study used 16 Wistar strain male rats, 2-3 months old with the body weight of 120 to 250 g. The tested animals were divided into three groups based on the treatments stages. At the first stage, all rats were adapted for 8 days with the standard food and at the end of the treatment 3 rats were dissected for plasma lipid level analysis (the baseline group). At the second stage, all rats were received atherogenic feeding for 14 days to increase the plasma cholesterol levels and at the end of the treatment 3 rats were dissected for plasma lipid level analysis (the atherogenic group). At the third stage, the rats were divided into two groups of treatments: the PS group and the PG group Each group consisted of 5 rats. The rats in The PS group were fed with standard food and the PG group were fed with the standard food containing 36% of red gedi leaf paste. At the end of the treatment, the rats were dissected for plasma lipid level analysis using enzymatic colorimetric methods. During the treatments, each rat was received 20 g of food and drinking water ad libitum. The results showedthat the total plasma cholesterol (TPC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride levels of the rats receiving red gedi (the PGgroup) were lower compare to the other groups (thebaseline, theatherogenicandPS groups). This studyconcludedthat consumingthe standardfoodcontaining 36% of redgedileaf paste was able to reduce the cholesterol levels of hypercholesterolemiarats

Short story haircuts for short hair teknik guntingan rambut pendek

63 p. : il.; 23 c