68 research outputs found
Mathisson's helical motions for a spinning particle --- are they unphysical?
It has been asserted in the literature that Mathisson's helical motions are
unphysical, with the argument that their radius can be arbitrarily large. We
revisit Mathisson's helical motions of a free spinning particle, and observe
that such statement is unfounded. Their radius is finite and confined to the
disk of centroids. We argue that the helical motions are perfectly valid and
physically equivalent descriptions of the motion of a spinning body, the
difference between them being the choice of the representative point of the
particle, thus a gauge choice. We discuss the kinematical explanation of these
motions, and we dynamically interpret them through the concept of hidden
momentum. We also show that, contrary to previous claims, the frequency of the
helical motions coincides, even in the relativistic limit, with the
zitterbewegung frequency of the Dirac equation for the electron
Busca de inibidores da enzima glicossomal gliceraldeÃdo 3-fosfato desidrogenase de Trypanosoma cruzi
The inhibitory activity of crude extracts of Meliaceae and Rutaceae plants on glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) enzyme from Trypanosoma cruzi was evaluated at 100 μg/mL. Forty-six extracts were tested and fifteen of them showed significant inhibitory activity (IA % > 50). The majority of the assayed extracts of Meliaceae plants (Cedrela fissilis, Cipadessa fruticosa and Trichilia ramalhoi) showed high ability to inhibit the enzymatic activity. The fractionation of the hexane extract from branches of C. fruticosa led to the isolation of three flavonoids: flavone, 7-methoxyflavone and 3',4',5',5,7-pentamethoxyflavone. The two last compounds showed high ability to inhibit the gGAPDH activity. Therefore, the assayed Meliaceae species could be considered as a promising source of lead compounds against Chagas' disease.Nesse trabalho foi avaliada a atividade inibitória sobre a enzima glicossomal gliceraldeÃdo-3-fosfato desidrogenase de T. cruzi (gGAPDH) de extratos vegetais oriundos de plantas das famÃlias Meliaceae e Rutaceae, na concentração de 100 μg/mL. Foram testados 46 extratos, dos quais 15 apresentaram atividade inibitória significativa (% AI > 50). A maioria dos extratos de plantas da famÃlia Meliaceae (Cedrela fissilis, Cipadessa fruticosa e Trichilia ramalhoi) apresentou grande potencial em inibir a atividade enzimática. O fracionamento do extrato hexânico dos galhos de C. fruticosa permitiu o isolamento de três flavonóides: flavona, 7-metoxiflavona e 3',4',5',5,7-pentametoxiflavona. Os dois últimos foram ativos na inibição da atividade de gGAPDH. Desta forma, as três espécies de Meliaceae testadas podem ser consideradas promissoras na busca de compostos protótipos para o controle da doença de Chagas.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior (CAPES)FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projeto
Spacetime dynamics of spinning particles - exact electromagnetic analogies
We compare the rigorous equations describing the motion of spinning test
particles in gravitational and electromagnetic fields, and show that if the
Mathisson-Pirani spin condition holds then exact gravito-electromagnetic
analogies emerge. These analogies provide a familiar formalism to treat
gravitational problems, as well as a means for comparing the two interactions.
Fundamental differences are manifest in the symmetries and time projections of
the electromagnetic and gravitational tidal tensors. The physical consequences
of the symmetries of the tidal tensors are explored comparing the following
analogous setups: magnetic dipoles in the field of non-spinning/spinning
charges, and gyroscopes in the Schwarzschild, Kerr, and Kerr-de Sitter
spacetimes. The implications of the time projections of the tidal tensors are
illustrated by the work done on the particle in various frames; in particular,
a reciprocity is found to exist: in a frame comoving with the particle, the
electromagnetic (but not the gravitational) field does work on it, causing a
variation of its proper mass; conversely, for "static observers," a stationary
gravitomagnetic (but not a magnetic) field does work on the particle, and the
associated potential energy is seen to embody the Hawking-Wald spin-spin
interaction energy. The issue of hidden momentum, and its counterintuitive
dynamical implications, is also analyzed. Finally, a number of issues regarding
the electromagnetic interaction and the physical meaning of Dixon's equations
are clarified.Comment: 32+11 pages, 5 figures. Edited and further improved version, with new
Section C.2 unveiling analogies for arbitrary spin conditions, and new Sec.
3.2.3 in the Supplement making connection to the post-Newtonian
approximation; former Sec. III.B.4 and Appendix C moved to the (reshuffled)
Supplement; references updated. The Supplement is provided in ancillary file.
Matches the final published versio
Bi-conformal vector fields and their applications
We introduce the concept of bi-conformal transformation, as a generalization
of conformal ones, by allowing two orthogonal parts of a manifold with metric
\G to be scaled by different conformal factors. In particular, we study their
infinitesimal version, called bi-conformal vector fields. We show the
differential conditions characterizing them in terms of a "square root" of the
metric, or equivalently of two complementary orthogonal projectors. Keeping
these fixed, the set of bi-conformal vector fields is a Lie algebra which can
be finite or infinite dimensional according to the dimensionality of the
projectors. We determine (i) when an infinite-dimensional case is feasible and
its properties, and (ii) a normal system for the generators in the
finite-dimensional case. Its integrability conditions are also analyzed, which
in particular provides the maximum number of linearly independent solutions. We
identify the corresponding maximal spaces, and show a necessary geometric
condition for a metric tensor to be a double-twisted product. More general
``breakable'' spaces are briefly considered. Many known symmetries are
included, such as conformal Killing vectors, Kerr-Schild vector fields,
kinematic self-similarity, causal symmetries, and rigid motions.Comment: Replaced version with some changes in the terminology and a new
theorem. To appear in Classical and Quantum Gravit
Gravito-electromagnetic analogies
We reexamine and further develop different gravito-electromagnetic (GEM)
analogies found in the literature, and clarify the connection between them.
Special emphasis is placed in two exact physical analogies: the analogy based
on inertial fields from the so-called "1+3 formalism", and the analogy based on
tidal tensors. Both are reformulated, extended and generalized. We write in
both formalisms the Maxwell and the full exact Einstein field equations with
sources, plus the algebraic Bianchi identities, which are cast as the
source-free equations for the gravitational field. New results within each
approach are unveiled. The well known analogy between linearized gravity and
electromagnetism in Lorentz frames is obtained as a limiting case of the exact
ones. The formal analogies between the Maxwell and Weyl tensors are also
discussed, and, together with insight from the other approaches, used to
physically interpret gravitational radiation. The precise conditions under
which a similarity between gravity and electromagnetism occurs are discussed,
and we conclude by summarizing the main outcome of each approach.Comment: 60 pages, 2 figures. Improved version (compared to v2) with some
re-write, notation improvements and a new figure that match the published
version; expanded compared to the published version to include Secs. 2.3 and
Activities of extracts and compounds from Spiranthera odoratissima St. Hil. (Rutaceae) in leaf-cutting ants and their symbiotic fungus
The study of the Spiranthera odoratissima St. Hil (Rutaceae) branches extracts led to the isolation of the furoquinoline (dictamine, gamma-fagarine and skimmianine) and 2-arylquinoli-4-one (1-methyl-2-phenylquinolin-4-one) alkaloids and limonoids (limonexic acid and limonin). The compounds 1-methyl-2-phenylquinolin-4-one and limonexic acid were isolated for the first time from the Spiranthera. These furoquinoline and 2-arylquinoli-4-one alkaloids and limonoids showed insecticidal and/or fungicidal activity in the nest of the Atta sexdens rubropilosa
Global Potentials for the Interaction between Rare Gases and Graphene-Based Surfaces: An Atom–Bond Pairwise Additive Representation
Global potential energy surface for the O2 + N2 interaction. Applications to the collisional, spectroscopic, and thermodynamic properties of the complex
A detailed characterization of the interaction between the most abundant
molecules in air is important for the understanding of a variety of phenomena
in atmospherical science. A completely {\em ab initio} global potential energy
surface (PES) for the O + N interaction is
reported for the first time. It has been obtained with the symmetry-adapted
perturbation theory utilizing a density functional description of monomers
[SAPT(DFT)] extended to treat the interaction involving high-spin open-shell
complexes. The computed interaction energies of the complex are in a good
agreement with those obtained by using the spin-restricted coupled cluster
methodology with singles, doubles and noniterative triple excitations
[RCCSD(T)]. A spherical harmonics expansion containing a large number of terms
due to the anisotropy of the interaction has been built from the {\em ab
initio} data. The radial coefficients of the expansion are matched in the long
range with the analytical functions based on the recent {\em ab initio}
calculations of the electric properties of the monomers [M. Bartolomei et al.,
J. Comp. Chem., {\bf 32}, 279 (2011)]. The PES is tested against the second
virial coefficient data and the integral cross sections measured with
rotationally hot effusive beams, leading in both cases to a very good
agreement. The first bound states of the complex have been computed and
relevant spectroscopic features of the interacting complex are reported. A
comparison with a previous experimentally derived PES is also provided
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