A comparison on FCR in fish ponds of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed by extruder food and pellet food

Food costs in rainbow trout farms are about 50% of production costs (Barrows et al., 2007). Because of inattention of most aquaculturists in exact calculation of FCR and not using qualified food, sometimes food costs will rise a lot and won't be economical. The newest method for fish food production is production during the process of extrusion. Extrusion process is processing materials with high temperature in a short time (HTST) and is done by combined operation of humidity, heat, mechanical energy and pressure (Watanabe and Pongmaneerat, 1993)

Genetic Characterization of Streptococcus iniae in Diseased Farmed Rainbow Trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) in Iran

Genetic characterization of strains of Streptococcus iniae recovered from morbidity and mortality of farmed rainbow trout in different provinces of Iran were studied. The Gram-positive cocci isolates were obtained from the kidney tissues of diseased rainbow trout on blood agar at 25°C for 72 h. The grown bacteria were then characterized using biochemical and molecular works. The identified 26 isolates of S. iniae producing a 513 bp in PCR procedure were then compared using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using 9 random primers. The phylogenetic tree of the RAPD product using UPMGA software included these strains in one genetic group but into two clusters. The results of this study show that S. iniae strains from the diseased rainbow trout in the north part of Iran are genetically similar to those strains in the south and west parts of the country

The effect of sodium sulphate, aluminum hydroxide and aluminum acetate on capsule remover Artemia cysts (Artemia franciscana)

Artemia Cyst is a kind of live food which has external hard cuticle which should be de membrane before usage. Artemia Cysts membrane can be eliminated with the use of capsule remover. In this study, in order to determine the most effective capsule remover, Cysts (Artemia franciscana) were primarily exposed to 8%, 16%, and 24% levels of chemical material including Sodium sulfate (Na2So4), Aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH) 3) and Aluminum acetate (AlC2H5O4) respectively for 10 minutes and Hypochlorite was used as the control treatment. After that, the Cysts with 2 g/l density at 27 ºC for 24 hours were hatched. The results showed that the most hatching rate (70 percent) was related to ALCOH3 and the least rate (21 percent) was related to Na2Co4 revealed a significant difference between them (p<0/05). According to the results, It is suggested to be used of Aluminum hydroxide in order to increase the efficiency of Artemia cysts (A. franciscana) hatching

Scorpions of Iran (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part V. Chahar Mahal & Bakhtiyari Province

Ten species of scorpions belonging to three families are reported from the montane Chahar Mahal & Bakhtiyari Province of Iran. Of these, only Razianus zarudnyi (Birula, 1903) was formerly reported for this province, while nine species are reported for the first time: Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807), Compsobuthus matthiesseni (Birula, 1905), Hottentotta saulcyi (Simon, 1880), Hottentotta zagrosensis Kovařík, 1997, Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889), Odontobuthus doriae (Thorell, 1876), Orthochirus zagrosensis Kovařík, 2004, Hemi- scorpius lepturus Peters, 1861, and Scorpio maurus townsendi (Pocock, 1900). Also presented is a key to all species of scorpions found in the Chahar Mahal & Bakhtiyari Province

Effects of essential oils of Satureja bachtiarica and Nigella sativa on the efficacy of lactococcosis vaccine in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Lactococcosis has been defined as acute septicaemia, which causes economic losses in farmed fish, especially in rainbow trout. This study was done to evaluate the effects of the essential oils of Satureja bachtiarica and Nigella sativa on the efficacy of lactococcosis vaccine in rainbow trout. A total number of 270 fishes with a mean weight of 120 g were obtained; they were randomly divided into nine groups, each with three replicates, after two weeks of adaptation. The groups were: no injection group, vaccine only group, DMSO injection group, vaccine with 50, 100, and 200 micrograms Intraperitoneal injection (IP) injection. Two, four, and six weeks after vaccination, serological and haematological parameters were evaluated. In the sixth week, 1.7×10^7 cfu as LD50 96 hrs of Lactococcus garvieae were IP injected and the relative survival percentage was calculated. The results indicated that N. sativa essence is effective on the leukocyte population as the highest number of leukocytes were found in fish receiving high concentration of N. sativa. The relative survival rate of the studied fish decreased with decreasing concentrations of the N. sativa essential oil concentration, with a significant difference with control groups (p<0.05). However, using S. bachtiarica was not significantly effective on the relative survival rate of fish. The results of this study indicated that N. sativa essential oil can be used as adjuvant for L. garvieae vaccine, since it resulted in increasing leukocytes and the relative survival rate although S. bachtiarica was not effective on immune parameters of the studied fish

The [1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine as a New Player in the Field of IDO1 Catalytic Holo-Inhibitors

Inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) are considered a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy as they are able to boost the immune response and to work in synergy with other immunotherapeutic agents. Despite the fact that no IDO1 inhibitor has been approved so far, recent studies have shed light on the additional roles that IDO1 mediates beyond its catalytic activity, conferring new life to the field. Here we present a novel class of compounds originated from a structure-based virtual screening made on IDO1 active site. The starting hit compound is a novel chemotype based on a [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine scaffold, so far underexploited among the heme binding moieties. Thanks to the rational and in silico-guided design of analogues, an improvement of the potency to sub-micromolar levels has been achieved, with excellent in vitro metabolic stability and exquisite selectivity with respect to other heme-containing enzymes

First detection of NHD and ND2_2 in the interstellar medium

Deuterium fractionation processes in the interstellar medium (ISM) have been shown to be highly efficient in the family of nitrogen hydrides. To date, observations were limited to ammonia (NH$_2$D, NHD$_2$, ND$_3$) and imidogen radical (ND) isotopologues. We want to explore the high frequency windows offered by the \emph{Herschel Space Observatory} to search for deuterated forms of amidogen radical NH$_2$ and to compare the observations against the predictions of our comprehensive gas-grain chemical model. Making use of the new molecular spectroscopy data recently obtained at high frequencies for NHD and ND$_2$, both isotopologues have been searched for in the spectral survey towards the class 0 IRAS 16293-2422, a source in which NH$_3$, NH and their deuterated variants have been previously detected. We used the observations carried out with HIFI (Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared) in the framework of the key program "Chemical Herschel surveys of star forming regions" (CHESS). We report the first detection of interstellar NHD and ND$_2$. Both species are observed in absorption against the continuum of the protostar. From the analysis of their hyperfine structure, accurate excitation temperature and column density values have been determined. The latter were combined with the column density of the parent species NH$_2$ to derive the deuterium fractionation in amidogen. The amidogen D/H ratio measured in the low-mass protostar IRAS 16293-2422 is comparable to the one derived for the related species imidogen and much higher than that observed for ammonia. Additional observations of these species will give more insights into the mechanism of ammonia formation and deuteration in the ISM. We finally indicate the current possibilities to further explore these species at submillimeter wavelengths.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, 7 tables. Accepted for publication in A&

Feed quality control of aquatic in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province

Nutrient and chemical composition, TVN, bacteria, yeast, mold and carcass performance, of aquatic feeds which make in this province were determined. In order to above investigation three commercial aquatic steam pelleted feeds samples for stage of growth and fattening were taken randomly from farm and aquatic factory product. In first trail feed sampled were analyzed for dry matter, crud protein, ether extract, ash, phosphorous, TVN, bacteria, yeast and mold computation. In second trial the experiment was carried out in complete random in design with four treatments and three replicate in each for effect of samples diets on feed consumption (FC), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), which were examined in Juveniles rainbow trout. This experiment were conducted on 3600 Juveniles rainbow trout with initial average weight of 80 gr, for 130 days after antiseptic processes in a pool of one fish producer in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The feed were given 3 times a day on biomass basis of pounds. During the experiment, once every two weeks, after anaesthetize, weights of 30 fishes in each pound were measuring. The results showed, diet crud protein were significantly differ (P<0.05) between many of feeds. In addition nutrient of diets were differ a little when compare with rainbow trout requirement. Crud protein, phosphorous and EE in starter, grower and finisher of diets were lower than rainbow trout requirement and differ was significant (P<0.05). The index of TVN that shows free nitrogen, were higher than standard in all samples. Bacteria, yeast and mold computation in different of feeds showed that main of total count, yeast and mold in diets of various stage for growth of rainbow trout were different with standards and the differ were higher significantly (P<0.05). The number of coliforms of diets was lower than that suggestion for rainbow trout diets

Association between depression, anxiety, and insomnia with musculoskeletal pain source: a multi-center study

Background: Musculoskeletal pain syndrome (MPS) is one of the modern diseases. Musculoskeletal pain (MP) may develop at any age and impact physical and mental health. This study aimed to evaluate the association between anxiety, depression, and insomnia with musculoskeletal pain source. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 450 patients with musculoskeletal pain. Goldberg depression (GB), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Morin Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) questionnaires were used to collect data. Participants have divided into two groups: individuals with unknown musculoskeletal pain sources and individuals with known musculoskeletal pain sources. Anxiety, depression, and insomnia scores were compared between the two groups. For statistical analysis of data mean (SD), frequency (), Chi-square, Mann-Whitney test, and Logistic regression models were used. All analysis was performed using SPSS 26. Results: In this study, 39.4 of the participants were in severe depression, 31.1 in severe anxiety, 34.7 in the no clinically significant, and 32.9 in the sub-threshold insomnia group. There was a significant difference between the severity of anxiety and insomnia in the two groups with the known and unknown pain sources (p < 0.05). However, the score of depression (OR = 1.00, 95 CI 0.99�1.01), anxiety (OR = 1.00, 95 CI 0.99�1.02), and insomnia (OR = 1.01, 95 CI 0.98�1.03) was not related to the pain source. Conclusion: There was a statistically significant relationship between anxiety and insomnia severity with musculoskeletal pain source. According to the high prevalence of depression, anxiety, and depression in both groups with known and unknown musculoskeletal pain sources, the cooperation of orthopedists, rheumatologists, and physical therapists with psychiatrist can be useful in improving the condition of patients. © 2021, The Author(s)

Inhalation of the prodrug PI3K inhibitor CL27c improves lung function in asthma and fibrosis

PI3K activation plays a central role in the development of pulmonary inflammation and tissue remodeling. PI3K inhibitors may thus offer an improved therapeutic opportunity to treat non-resolving lung inflammation but their action is limited by unwanted on-target systemic toxicity. Here we present CL27c, a prodrug pan-PI3K inhibitor designed for local therapy, and investigate whether inhaled CL27c is effective in asthma and pulmonary fibrosis. Mice inhaling CL27c show reduced insulin-evoked Akt phosphorylation in lungs, but no change in other tissues and no increase in blood glycaemia, in line with a local action. In murine models of acute or glucocorticoid-resistant neutrophilic asthma, inhaled CL27c reduces inflammation and improves lung function. Finally, inhaled CL27c administered in a therapeutic setting protects from bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, ultimately leading to significantly improved survival. Therefore, local delivery of a pan-PI3K inhibitor prodrug reduces systemic on-target side effects but effectively treats asthma and irreversible pulmonary fibrosis