Abnormal Notochord Branching Is Associated with Foregut Malformations in the Adriamycin Treated Mouse Model

Oesophageal atresia (OA) and tracheooesophageal fistula (TOF) are relatively common human congenital malformations of the foregut where the oesophagus does not connect with the stomach and there is an abnormal connection between the stomach and the respiratory tract. They require immediate corrective surgery and have an impact on the future health of the individual. These abnormalities are mimicked by exposure of rat and mouse embryos in utero to the drug adriamycin. The causes of OA/TOF during human development are not known, however a number of mouse mutants where different signalling pathways are directly affected, show similar abnormalities, implicating multiple and complex signalling mechanisms. The similarities in developmental outcome seen in human infants and in the adriamycin treated mouse model underline the potential of this model to unravel the early embryological events and further our understanding of the processes disturbed, leading to such abnormalities. Here we report a systematic study of the foregut and adjacent tissues in embryos treated with adriamycin at E7 and E8 and analysed between E9 and E12, comparing morphology in 3D in 149 specimens. We describe a spectrum of 8 defects, the most common of which is ventral displacement and branching of the notochord (in 94% of embryos at E10) and a close spatial correspondence between the site of notochord branching and defects of the foregut. In addition gene expression analysis shows altered dorso-ventral foregut patterning in the vicinity of notochord branches. This study shows a number of features of the adriamycin mouse model not previously reported, implicates the notochord as a primary site of disturbance in such abnormalities and underlines the importance of the model to further address the mechanistic basis of foregut congenital abnormalities

Measurement of inclusive π0\pi^{0} production in hadronic Z0Z^{0} decays

An analysis is presented of inclusive \pi^0 production in Z^0 decays measured with the DELPHI detector. At low energies, \pi^0 decays are reconstructed by \linebreak using pairs of converted photons and combinations of converted photons and photons reconstructed in the barrel electromagnetic calorimeter (HPC). At high energies (up to x_p = 2 \cdot p_{\pi}/\sqrt{s} = 0.75) the excellent granularity of the HPC is exploited to search for two-photon substructures in single showers. The inclusive differential cross section is measured as a function of energy for {q\overline q} and {b \bar b} events. The number of \pi^0's per hadronic Z^0 event is N(\pi^0)/ Z_{had}^0 = 9.2 \pm 0.2 \mbox{(stat)} \pm 1.0 \mbox{(syst)} and for {b \bar b}~events the number of \pi^0's is {\mathrm N(\pi^0)/ b \overline b} = 10.1 \pm 0.4 \mbox{(stat)} \pm 1.1 \mbox{(syst)} . The ratio of the number of \pi^0's in b \overline b events to hadronic Z^0 events is less affected by the systematic errors and is found to be 1.09 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.01. The measured \pi^0 cross sections are compared with the predictions of different parton shower models. For hadronic events, the peak position in the \mathrm \xi_p = \ln(1/x_p) distribution is \xi_p^{\star} = 3.90^{+0.24}_{-0.14}. The average number of \pi^0's from the decay of primary \mathrm B hadrons is found to be {\mathrm N} (B \rightarrow \pi^0 \, X)/\mbox{B hadron} = 2.78 \pm 0.15 \mbox{(stat)} \pm 0.60 \mbox{(syst)}

Search for Neutral Heavy Leptons Produced in Z Decays

Weak isosinglet Neutral Heavy Leptons ($\nu_m$) have been searched for using data collected by the DELPHI detector corresponding to $3.3\times 10^{6}$ hadronic~Z$^{0}$ decays at LEP1. Four separate searches have been performed, for short-lived $\nu_m$ production giving monojet or acollinear jet topologies, and for long-lived $\nu_m$ giving detectable secondary vertices or calorimeter clusters. No indication of the existence of these particles has been found, leading to an upper limit for the branching ratio $BR($Z$^0\rightarrow \nu_m \overline{\nu})$ of about $1.3\times10^{-6}$ at 95\% confidence level for $\nu_m$ masses between 3.5 and 50 GeV/$c^2$. Outside this range the limit weakens rapidly with the $\nu_m$ mass. %Special emphasis has been given to the search for monojet--like topologies. One event %has passed the selection, in agreement with the expectation from the reaction: %$e^+e^- \rightarrow\ell \bar\ell \nu\bar\nu$. The results are also interpreted in terms of limits for the single production of excited neutrinos

Search for new phenomena using single photon events in the DELPHI detector at LEP

Data are presented on the reaction \epem~\into~\gamma + no other detected particle at center-of-mass energies, \sqs = 89.48 GeV, 91.26 GeV and 93.08 GeV. The cross section for this reaction is related directly to the number of light neutrino generations which couple to the \zz boson, and to several other phenomena such as excited neutrinos, the production of an invisible `X' particle, a possible magnetic moment of the tau neutrino, and neutral monojets. Based on the observed number of single photon events, the number of light neutrinos which couple to the \zz is measured to be N_\nu = 3.15 \pm 0.34. No evidence is found for anomalous production of energetic single photons, and upper limits at the 95\% confidence level are determined for excited neutrino production (BR < 4-9 \times 10^{-6}), production of an invisible `X' particle (\sigma < 0.1 pb), and the magnetic moment of the tau neutrino (< 5.2 \times 10^{-6} \mu_B). No event with the topology of a neutral monojet is found, and this corresponds to the limit \sigma < 0.044/\epsilon pb at the 95\% confidence level, where \epsilon is the unknown overall monojet detection efficiency

Measurement of the Quark and Gluon Fragmentation Functions in Z0Z^0 Hadronic Decays

The fragmentation functions and multiplicities in $b\overline{b}$ and light quark events are compared. The measured transverse and longitudinal components of the fragmentation function allow the gluon fragmentation function to be evaluated

Investigation of the splitting of quark and gluon jets

The splitting processes in identified quark and gluon jets are investigated using longitudinal and transverse observables. The jets are selected from symmetric three-jet events measured in Z decays with the Delphi detector in 1991-1994. Gluon jets are identified using heavy quark anti-tagging. Scaling violations in identified gluon jets are observed for the first time. The scale energy dependence of the gluon fragmentation function is found to be about two times larger than for the corresponding quark jets, consistent with the QCD expectation TeX . The primary splitting of gluons and quarks into subjets agrees with fragmentation models and, for specific regions of the jet resolution TeX , with NLLA calculations. The maximum of the ratio of the primary subjet splittings in quark and gluon jets is TeX . Due to non-perturbative effects, the data are below the expectation at small TeX . The transition from the perturbative to the non-perturbative domain appears at smaller TeX for quark jets than for gluon jets. Combined with the observed behaviour of the higher rank splittings, this explains the relatively small multiplicity ratio between gluon and quark jets

Search for Lepton Flavour Number violating Z0Z^0-Decays

A search for lepton flavour number violating $Z^0$ decays in the channels \begin{center} $Z^0\rightarrow \mu\tau$,\\ $Z^0\rightarrow e\tau$, \\ $Z^0\rightarrow e\mu$, \\ \end{center} using the DELPHI detector with data collected during the 1991--94 LEP runs, is described. No signal was found. Upper limits at 95\% confidence level for the respective branching fractions of $1.2\times 10^{-5}$, $2.2\times 10^{-5}$, and $0.25\times 10^{-5}$, were obtained

Boundaries of challenge in two-instance proceedings before administrative courts

Praca została napisana w celu weryfikacji zasadności zarzutów podnoszonych przeciwko ustawie z dnia 30 sierpnia 2002 r. - Prawo o postępowaniu przed sądami administracyjnymi. W trakcie rozważań merytorycznych nad konkretnymi przepisami p.s.a. szczegółowej analizie zostają poddane miejsca budzące największe kontrowersje w doktrynie. Tej idei podporządkowana jest konstrukcja pracy. Pierwszy jej rozdział poświęcony jest zagadnieniom ogólnym. Są w nim wyjaśnione przede wszystkim zasady dotyczące stosowanej w pracy terminologii. Następnie są opisane systemy pełnego i częściowego zaskarżenia oraz podstawowe różnice między nimi. Rozdział początkowy zamyka wytłumaczenie pojęcia „granice zaskarżenia” poprzez charakterystykę czynników składających się na jego istotę, czyli podstaw, wniosków i zarzutów zaskarżenia. Kolejne dwa rozdziały są poświęcone wnikliwej analizie granic zaskarżenia już konkretnie na gruncie postępowania sądowoadministracyjnego. Zarówno rozdział drugi, jak i trzeci przeznaczony jest na charakterystykę wskazanych wyżej czynników determinujących granice zaskarżenia. Różnica między tymi rozdziałami sprowadza się do odmiennej fazy czynności sądowych stanowiących bazę do przeprowadzenia wywodu na temat granic zaskarżenia. Rozdział drugi zawiera bowiem omówienie wątku tychże granic na etapie dokonywania przez sądy administracyjne czynności rozpoznawczych i porusza wpływ granic zaskarżenia na zakres rozpoznania. Rozdział trzeci dotyka tej samej materii, tyle że w odniesieniu do zakresu orzekania sądowego. Zarówno rozdział poświęcony zakresowi rozpoznania, jak i ten dotyczący zakresu orzekania wyodrębnia rozważania adekwatne dla wojewódzkich sądów administracyjnych od tych dotyczących Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego.The goal of this thesis is to test the merit of the criticism levied against the Act of 30 August 2002 — Law on Proceedings Before Administrative Courts. Substantive discussion of specific provisions of the Act will entail detailed analysis of those fragments that stir the most controversy in literature. This is the idea underlying the structure of this thesis. The first chapter discusses general matters. First and foremost it explains the principles guiding the terminological framework adopted herein. Later follows a characterization of the systems of full versus partial challenge, as well as the core differences between the two. Closing out the introductory chapter is an explanation of the term ‘boundaries of challenge’ through setting out the factors composing the essence of it, viz. grounds, prayers, and issues raised. The subsequent two chapters are dedicated to in-depth analysis of the boundaries of challenge already as against the specific background of judicial administrative proceedings. Both the second and the third chapter are intended to characterize the aforementioned defining factors of the boundaries of challenge; the difference comes down to the different stage of the judicial activities that provide the basis for an inference about the boundaries of challenge. To wit, the second chapter discusses the boundaries at the exploratory stage, while the third chapter addresses the same matter but in the scope of ruling. Both the chapter discussing the scope of cognition and the one that concerns itself with the ruling set apart considerations proper to voivodeship administrative courts from those pertaining to the Supreme Administrative Court

Voluntary withdrawal from a partnership

Praca magisterska "Dobrowolne wyjście wspólnika ze spółki osobowej" została napisana w celu rozważenia zastosowania w praktyce alternatywnych w stosunku do obecnie obowiązujących możliwości opuszczenia spółek osobowych przez wspólników. Autor wychodzi od założenia, iż w obecnym kształcie Kodeks spółek handlowych przewiduje zbyt wąskie spektrum sposobów, w jakich może dojść do wystąpienia wspólników ze spółki osobowej. Autor skupia się jedynie na takich metodach występowania wspólników ze spółek osobowych, które są dobrowolne, czyli w pełni zależne od decyzji wspólników oraz nieinwazyjne, czyli nieprowadzące w konsekwencji do rozwiązania stosunku spółki osobowej. Wskazanej idei pracy podporządkowana została jej systematyka. W pierwszym rozdziale zawarte są ogólne rozważania dotyczące objaśnienia i delimitacji stosowanych w całej pracy terminów. Kolejny rozdział poświęcony jest obecnie istniejącym regulacjom dotyczącym występowania wspólników ze spółek osobowych, czyli przeniesieniu ogółu praw i obowiązków wspólnika oraz wypowiedzeniu udziału wspólnika w spółce. W ostatnim, kluczowym rozdziale pracy autor poszukuje alternatywnych w stosunku do przedstawionych wyżej rozwiązań. Analizie poddane zostają takie kwestie, jak zasada swobody umów na tle prawa spółek handlowych, wnioskowanie per analogiam oraz umorzenie udziałów w spółce z o.o. i dopuszczalność jego przeniesienia na grunt spółek osobowych. Finalnie, autor dochodzi do konkluzji o możliwości stosowania, pod pewnymi warunkami, przedstawionych przez siebie propozycji nowych instytucji prawnych do dobrowolnego i nieinwazyjnego występowania wspólników ze spółek osobowych.The goal of diploma thesis „Voluntary withdrawal from a partnership” is to consider the legal permissibility of application such ways of leaving a partnership which are alternative to those actually binding. The author claims that the actual regulations in the Commercial Companies Code provide too wide range of ways of partners withdrawal from a partnership. The author focuses only on voluntary and non-invasive ways of aforementioned withdrawal, which means that partners are independent in their decisions and the withdrawal shall not lead to the partnership dissolution. This is the idea underlying the structure of this thesis. The first chapter is dedicated to explaining and distinguish terms introduced within the whole thesis. The following chapter provides thoughts about the actual legal provisions in the scope of withdrawal from a partnership, which are: a transfer of partner’s rights and obligations along with a termination of a partner’s share in a partnership. In the last and most crucial chapter author looks for the alternative solutions in terms of withdrawal from a partnership. The author analyses such matters as: the principle of contractual freedom in reference to commercial companies law, per analogiam inference, redemption of shares in a limited liability company and possibility of its application within partnerships. As a result, the author comes to a conclusion that there is permissible to apply, under some circumstances, introduced examples of new legal institutions for voluntary and non-invasive withdrawal of partners from partnerships