Factores de riesgo psicosociales y ambientales asociados a trastornos mentales

In Colombia, there are few studies on the association of psychosocial and environmental factors with the most prevalent mental disorders; such studies are important due to the context of violence, social insecurity, and job and economic instability in the country. The objective of this study was to identify the psychosocial and environmental risk factors for mental disorders, in users of psychological services in Colombia. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and a Questionnaire to evaluate the Axis-IV of the DSM-IV-TR were applied to 490 participants. The analysis comprised descriptive statistics and risk factors. As risk factors for depression, there were identified housing problems, access to health care services, problems related to the primary group, economics, problems of the social environment, and labor. For generalized anxiety, there were identified economic and education issues. For panic disorders, the risk factors were related to social environment, and for social phobia, the risk factors were problems in education, work and social environment.En Colombia, son escasos los estudios sobre la asociación de los factores psicosociales y medioambientales con trastornos mentales de mayor prevalencia; tales estudios son necesarios debido al contexto de violencia, inseguridad social e inestabilidad laboral y económica del país. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores de riesgo psicosociales y ambientales de los trastornos mentales, en los usuarios de servicios de psicología de Colombia. Para ello, se aplicaron el MiniInternational Neuropsychiatric Interview y un cuestionario de evaluación del Eje IV del DSM-IV-TR, a 490 participantes. Se utilizaron análisis descriptivos y de factores de riesgo. Como factor de riesgo para la depresión, se identificaron los problemas de vivienda, acceso a los servicios de asistencia sanitaria, los relativos al grupo primario, los económicos, del ambiente social y los problemas laborales. Para la ansiedad generalizada se identificaron los problemas económicos y los relativos a la enseñanza. Para los trastornos de pánico, fueron relevantes los problemas relacionados con el ambiente social, y para la fobia social, los problemas de enseñanza, los laborales y el ambiente social

Cognitive vulnerability in mental disorders

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Modes of cognitive vulnerability were evaluated in outpatients of psychological services centers with diagnoses of mental disorders. Objective: To establish components of cognitive vulnerability in different mental disorders. Method: The participants were 490 users of psychological services centers from twelve universities in Colombia. To identify the presence or absence of mental disorders, they completed the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview.The Young Schemes Questionnaire, the Core Beliefs Questionnaire for Personality Disorders, the Inventory of Automatic Thoughts, and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire were also applied. To establish distinctive characteristics among actual major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety, and non-alcoholic substance abuse, a logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results: The results showed cognitive distinctive vulnerability profiles, according to the disorder. Conclusion: The hypothesis of cognitive specificity for the different mental disorders is confirmed.RESUMEN: Introducción: Se evaluaron los modos de vulnerabilidad cognitiva en usuarios de consulta externa en psicología, diagnosticados con trastornos mentales. Objetivo: Establecer componentes de vulnerabilidad cognitiva en diferentes trastornos mentales. Método: Participaron 490 usuarios de servicios psicológicos de doce universidades de Colombia. Se aplicó la Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional para identificar la presencia o no de trastornos mentales; igualmente, se aplicaron el Cuestionario de Esquemas de Young, el Cuestionario de Creencias Centrales de Trastornos de la Personalidad, el Inventario de Pensamientos Automáticos y el Cuestionario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento. Se realizaron análisis de regresión logística para establecer características distintivas en los trastornos de depresión mayor actual, ansiedad generalizada, angustia, ansiedad social y abuso de sustancias no alcohólicas. Resultados: Se reportaron perfiles cognitivos de vulnerabilidad diferenciados de acuerdo con el trastorno. Conclusión: Se confirma la hipótesis de especificidad cognitiva para los diferentes trastornos mentales

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Configuración y características de las redes de servicios de salud en Colombia Configuration and characteristics of health service networks in Colombia

Objetivo: Describir opiniones de formuladores de políticas y gestores sobre las características y configuración de redes integradas de servicios de salud (RISS) en Colombia. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo-descriptivo, basado en 21 entrevistas semiestructuradas a formuladores de políticas y gestores. Se utilizó la técnica de análisis narrativo de contenido. Resultados: Existen tres aproximaciones al concepto de redes: configuración de prestadores de servicios por niveles de complejidad, articulación de aseguradores con prestadores de servicios y oferta de servicios con criterios de geo-referenciación. Aunque las normativas posibilitan al asegurador garantizar la prestación de servicios mediante redes propias o subcontratadas existen diferencias atribuidas a: la oferta de servicios, las formas de contratación y procesos de integración, que impactan el acceso, la coordinación asistencial y la eficiencia en la prestación de los servicios. Conclusión: La introducción del modelo de competencia gestionada genera dificultades para articular el trabajo en red y la sostenibilidad de los prestadores principalmente públicos. Salud UIS 2011; 43(1): 73-77Objective: To describe stakeholders' opinions related to Integrated Health Care Networks (IHN) organizations in Colombia. Methodology: Descriptive qualitative research based on 21 semi-structured interviews were conducted to policy makers and IHN organization managers. Narrative content analysis was carried out. Results: There are three approximation to the network concept: health service providers configuration by levels of complexity, coordination of insurance organization with health care providers and service offerings with georeferenciation criteria Although the policies allowing the health insurer guarantee the health care provision, through their own networks or outsourced networks exist differences due to: the service offer, the ways of hiring and integration processes which impact the access, the coordination of care and efficiency in health care provision. Conclusion: The introduction of managed competition model make difficult the network configuration and sustainability of public health care providers. Salud UIS 2011; 43(1): 73-77

Factores que dificultan la coordinación entre niveles asistenciales: Un estudio de caso en Colombia Factors that difficult coordination among care levels: A case study in Colombia

La coordinación asistencial es la concertación de diferentes actividades que son requeridas para atender al paciente a lo largo del continuo asistencial. Se desarrolló un estudio cualitativo para identificar los principales factores que dificultan la coordinación asistencial. Se realizó análisis narrativo del contenido de 32 entrevistas semiestructuradas, desarrolladas a informantes clave de una Empresa Promotora de Salud del régimen Subsidiado. A nivel interno surgen como barreras, las fallas en la comunicación y bajo nivel de colaboración entre profesionales, inadecuadas condiciones de trabajo y problemas para implementar mecanismos de programación. A nivel externo, se destacan fallas en las políticas de regulación de los procesos de contratación asegurador-prestador, de los mecanismos de coordinación y una pobre visión de la atención integral en salud. La existencia de estas barreras desarrollan pérdida de continuidad en la prestación de servicios de salud, requiriéndose la implementación efectiva de mecanismos de coordinación entre los niveles asistenciales. Salud UIS 2011; 43(1): 77-79Care coordination is the agreement of diverse activities requested to attend a patient along care continuum. A narrative analysis of contentment was developed to 32 semi-structured interviews, applied to key informants intentional Selected from a subsidized HCN. Internally arises as barriers, failures in communication and lack of collaboration among professionals, inadequate work conditions and deficiencies in programming mechanisms implementation. External barriers were related with deficient national politics to regulate care provider-insurer contracting, coordination mechanisms and poor view of integrated health. These barriers break the continuity in health care provision. Effective implementation of care coordination is requested among different levels of care. Salud UIS 2011; 43(1): 77-79

Factors that difficult coordination among care levels: A case study in Colombia

"La coordinación asistencial es la concertación de diferentes actividades que son requeridas para atender al paciente a lo largo del continuo asistencial. Se desarrolló un estudio cualitativo para identificar los principales factores que dificultan la coordinación asistencial. Se realizó análisis narrativo del contenido de 32 entrevistas semiestructuradas, desarrolladas a informantes clave de una Empresa Promotora de Salud del régimen Subsidiado. A nivel interno surgen como barreras, las fallas en la comunicación y bajo nivel de colaboración entre profesionales, inadecuadas condiciones de trabajo y problemas para implementar mecanismos de programación. A nivel externo, se destacan fallas en las políticas de regulación de los procesos de contratación asegurador-prestador, de los mecanismos de coordinación y una pobre visión de la atención integral en salud. La existencia de estas barreras desarrollan pérdida de continuidad en la prestación de servicios de salud, requiriéndose la implementación efectiva de mecanismos de coordinación entre los niveles asistenciales. Salud UIS 2011; 43(1): 77-79""Care coordination is the agreement of diverse activities requested to attend a patient along care continuum. A narrative analysis of contentment was developed to 32 semi-structured interviews, applied to key informants intentional Selected from a subsidized HCN. Internally arises as barriers, failures in communication and lack of collaboration among professionals, inadequate work conditions and deficiencies in programming mechanisms implementation. External barriers were related with deficient national politics to regulate care provider-insurer contracting, coordination mechanisms and poor view of integrated health. These barriers break the continuity in health care provision. Effective implementation of care coordination is requested among different levels of care. Salud UIS 2011; 43(1): 77-79.

Configuration and characteristics of health service networks in Colombia

Objetivo: Describir opiniones de formuladores de políticas y gestores sobre las características y configuración de redes integradas de servicios de salud (RISS) en Colombia. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo-descriptivo, basado en 21 entrevistas semiestructuradas a formuladores de políticas y gestores. Se utilizó la técnica de análisis narrativo de contenido. Resultados: Existen tres aproximaciones al concepto de redes: configuración de prestadores de servicios por niveles de complejidad, articulación de aseguradores con prestadores de servicios y oferta de servicios con criterios de geo-referenciación. Aunque las normativas posibilitan al asegurador garantizar la prestación de servicios mediante redes propias o subcontratadas existen diferencias atribuidas a: la oferta de servicios, las formas de contratación y procesos de integración, que impactan el acceso, la coordinación asistencial y la eficiencia en la prestación de los servicios. Conclusión: La introducción del modelo de competencia gestionada genera dificultades para articular el trabajo en red y la sostenibilidad de los prestadores principalmente públicos. Salud UIS 2011; 43(1): 73-77Objective: To describe stakeholders' opinions related to Integrated Health Care Networks (IHN) organizations in Colombia. Methodology: Descriptive qualitative research based on 21 semi-structured interviews were conducted to policy makers and IHN organization managers. Narrative content analysis was carried out. Results: There are three approximation to the network concept: health service providers configuration by levels of complexity, coordination of insurance organization with health care providers and service offerings with georeferenciation criteria Although the policies allowing the health insurer guarantee the health care provision, through their own networks or outsourced networks exist differences due to: the service offer, the ways of hiring and integration processes which impact the access, the coordination of care and efficiency in health care provision. Conclusion: The introduction of managed competition model make difficult the network configuration and sustainability of public health care providers. Salud UIS 2011; 43(1): 73-77

Factores de riesgo psicosociales y ambientales asociados a trastornos mentales

In Colombia, there are few studies on the association of psychosocial and environmental factors with the most prevalent mental disorders; such studies are important due to the context of violence, social insecurity, and job and economic instability in the country. The objective of this study was to identify the psychosocial and environmental risk factors for mental disorders, in users of psychological services in Colombia. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and a Questionnaire to evaluate the Axis-IV of the DSM-IV-TR were applied to 490 participants. The analysis comprised descriptive statistics and risk factors. As risk factors for depression, there were identified housing problems, access to health care services, problems related to the primary group, economics, problems of the social environment, and labor. For generalized anxiety, there were identified economic and education issues. For panic disorders, the risk factors were related to social environment, and for social phobia, the risk factors were problems in education, work and social environment.En Colombia, son escasos los estudios sobre la asociación de los factores psicosociales y medioambientales con trastornos mentales de mayor prevalencia; tales estudios son necesarios debido al contexto de violencia, inseguridad social e inestabilidad laboral y económica del país. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores de riesgo psicosociales y ambientales de los trastornos mentales, en los usuarios de servicios de psicología de Colombia. Para ello, se aplicaron el Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview y un cuestionario de evaluación del Eje IV del DSM-IV-TR, a 490 participantes. Se utilizaron análisis descriptivos y de factores de riesgo. Como factor de riesgo para la depresión, se identificaron los problemas de vivienda, acceso a los servicios de asistencia sanitaria, los relativos al grupo primario, los económicos, del ambiente social y los problemas laborales. Para la ansiedad generalizada se identificaron los problemas económicos y los relativos a la enseñanza. Para los trastornos de pánico, fueron relevantes los problemas relacionados con el ambiente social, y para la fobia social, los problemas de enseñanza, los laborales y el ambiente social