Animal influence on water, sanitation and hygiene measures for zoonosis control at the household level: A systematic literature review

Neglected zoonotic diseases (NZDs) have a significant impact on the livelihoods of the world’s poorest populations, which often lack access to basic services. Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programmes are included among the key strategies for achieving the World Health Organization’s 2020 Roadmap for Implementation for control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). There exists a lack of knowledge regarding the effect of animals on the effectiveness of WASH measures. This review looked to identify how animal presence in the household influences the effectiveness of water, hygiene and sanitation measures for zoonotic disease control in low and middle income countries; to identify gaps of knowledge regarding this topic based on the amount and type of studies looking at this particular interaction

Ecological phytochemistry of Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) plants

The Cerrado (the Brazilian savanna) is one of the vegetation formations of great biodiversity in Brazil and it has experienced strong deforestation and fragmentation. The Cerrado must contain at least 12,000 higher plant species.We discuss the ecological relevance of phytochemical studies carried out on plants from the Cerrado, including examples of phytotoxicity, antifungal, insecticidal and antibacterial activities. The results have been classified according to activity and plant family. The most active compounds have been highlighted and other activities are discussed. A large number of complex biochemical interactions occur in this system. However, only a small fraction of the species has been studied from the phytochemical viewpoint to identify the metabolites responsible for these interactions

Antimalarial activity of dihydroartemisinin derivatives against P-falciparum resistant to mefloquine: a quantum chemical and multivariate study

Dihydroartemisinin derivatives with antimalarial activity against P. falciparum resistant to mefloquine are proposed with the aid of quantum chemistry and multivariate analysis methods (PCA, KNN, and SIMCA). The principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that the descriptors: molecular softness (MS), total surface area (TSA), Randic's index, path-1 molecular connectivity-average (CHl1A), bond information index (BIC), shape index based on paths of length 2 of Kier (2K), and directional (related to molecular size, dimension: axis I and weight: van der Waals' volume) and non-directional (related to linear contribution to the total molecular size and weight: van der Waals' volume) WHIM-31) indices (L1v and Tv), respectively, are responsible for the classification between the higher and lower antimalarial. activity of the derivatives. The compounds predicted as of high activity by the three methods are 22 and 28 in Fig. 2. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.572354