Cap a una ciutadania intercultural. Un tema emergent a la recerca educativa

En este artículo ofrecemos una aproximación al estudio de la ciudadanía intercultural desde la investigación educativa. Para ello, hemos resumido en primer lugar, los nuevos planteamientos de la ciudadanía que fundamentan la investigación realizada por el GREDI en estos últimos años. Nuestro modelo recoge, como rasgos claves de la ciudadanía que pretendemos se desarrolle desde la educación, el hecho de ser, al tiempo, activa y responsable, crítica e intercultural; desarrollada en el ámbito local pero abierta a niveles más amplios. Posteriormente el artículo sintetiza algunas de las investigaciones llevadas a cabo en este campo. La segunda parte de este artículo ofrece un resumen de una de las investigaciones realizadas por el GREDI y que ha permitido diagnosticar los elementos que configuran el concepto y la práctica de la ciudadanía en los jóvenes de 14 a 16 años en Barcelona. Se concluye señalando los elementos significativos que pueden encontrarse en las investigaciones presentadas y que permiten dibujar las líneas de avance para quienes deseen adentrarse en la investigación de esta área temática. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Cette approche de l’étude de la citoyenneté interculturelle à partir de la recherche éducative débute par une synthèse des nouveaux concepts de citoyenneté élaborés par le GREDI au cours des recherches effectuées ces dernières années. L’auteur défend que c’est l’éducation qui débouchera sur cette nouvelle citoyenneté à la fois active et responsable, critique et interculturelle, appelée à s’exercer au niveau local mais ouverte également sur des horizons plus larges. Après une synthèse des principales recherches effectuées dans ce domaine, la deuxième partie de l’article est consacrée au compte-rendu d’un travail du GREDI ayant permis de diagnostiquer les éléments constituants la théorie et la pratique de la citoyenneté chez les jeunes Barcelonais âgés de 14 à 16 ans. Enfin, un relevé des aspects significatifs des travaux publiés récemment donne des orientations qui peuvent être utiles pour ceux qui souhaiteraient poursuivre des recherches dans ce domaine.This article examines the study of intercultural citizenship within educational research. In so doing, the article first summarises the new approaches to citizenship underpinning the research conducted by the GREDI (Intercultural Education Research Group) in recent years. A model is presented which incorporates, as key traits of the citizenship that we seek to develop through education, the fact of being both active and responsible, critical and intercultural; played out in the local sphere but open to wider levels. The article moves on to summarise some of the research undertaken in this field. The second part offers a précis of one of the studies carried out by the GREDI and which has enabled us to diagnose the elements, both conceptually and in practice, that make up the citizenship of adolescents aged between 14 and 16 years old in Barcelona. The article concludes by identifying the significant elements to be found in the research presented, and which allow the way forward to be mapped out for those seeking to conduct research in this field.En este artículo ofrecemos una aproximación al estudio de la ciudadanía intercultural desde la investigación educativa. Para ello, hemos resumido en primer lugar, los nuevos planteamientos de la ciudadanía que fundamentan la investigación realizada por el GREDI en estos últimos años. Nuestro modelo recoge, como rasgos claves de la ciudadanía que pretendemos se desarrolle desde la educación, el hecho de ser, al tiempo, activa y responsable, crítica e intercultural; desarrollada en el ámbito local pero abierta a niveles más amplios. Posteriormente el artículo sintetiza algunas de las investigaciones llevadas a cabo en este campo. La segunda parte de este artículo ofrece un resumen de una de las investigaciones realizadas por el GREDI y que ha permitido diagnosticar los elementos que configuran el concepto y la práctica de la ciudadanía en los jóvenes de 14 a 16 años en Barcelona. Se concluye señalando los elementos significativos que pueden encontrarse en las investigaciones presentadas y que permiten dibujar las líneas de avance para quienes deseen adentrarse en la investigación de esta área temática

Reassessing the Relationship between Procedural Justice and Police Legitimacy

Objective: A large body of cross-sectional research has identified a positive relationship between perceptions of police procedural justice and legitimacy. Following Tyler’s theoretical framework, studies have often interpreted the observed relationship as evidence of an unequivocal causal connection from procedural justice to legitimacy. Here we reexamined the validity of this conclusion by considering the temporal order of that association and the potential biasing effect of time-invariant third common causes. Hypotheses: (a) Past perceptions of police procedural justice would predict future perceptions of legitimacy; (b) Past perceptions of police legitimacy would predict future perceptions of procedural justice; and (c) Perceptions of police procedural justice and legitimacy would be associated as a result of 3rd common causes. Method: We fitted random intercepts cross-lagged panel models to 7 waves of a longitudinal sample of 1,354 young offenders (M = 16 years) from the “Pathways to Desistance” study. This allowed us to explore the directional paths between perceptions of police procedural justice and legitimacy, while controlling for time-invariant participant heterogeneity. Results: We did not find evidence of the assumed temporal association; lagged within-participant perceptions of procedural justice rarely predicted within-participant perceptions of legitimacy. We did not find evidence of a reciprocal relationship either. Instead, we detected substantial time-invariant participant heterogeneity, and evidence of legitimacy perceptions being self-reproduced. Conclusions: Our findings challenge the internal validity of the commonly reported positive associations between procedural justice and legitimacy reported in studies using cross-sectional data. Most of such association is explained away after considering time-invariant participant heterogeneity and previous perceptions of legitimacy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved

Reinforced SIL-1 micromembranes integrated on chip: APPLICATION to CO2 separation

A novel 4-step microfabrication process is proposed in this work to prepare arrays of c-oriented silicalite (SIL-1) micromembranes on customized silicon nitride (Si3Nx) microsieves. The arrays are integrated on chip and their overall porosity values can be tuned from 1.6% to 19.9%. A low stress Si3Nx microfabricated sieve has been used as support to reinforce via mechanical interlocking and to reduce the effects of the residual stress during membrane processing. The secondary hydrothermal growth over the Si3Nx microsieves also changes the SIL-1 chemistry, improving its affinity towards CO2 adsorption. As a result, the SIL-1/Si3Nx micromembranes integrated on chip facilitate the preferential permeation of CO2 in CO2/H2 mixtures, showing a maximum CO2/H2 separation factor of 16.9 and a CO2 permeance of 8.2×10-7 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1 at ambient conditions

Exploring the Origin of Sentencing Disparities in the Crown Court: Using Text Mining Techniques to Differentiate between Court and Judge Disparities

Research on sentence consistency in England and Wales has focused on disparities between courts, with differences between judges generally ignored. This is largely due to the limitations in official data. Using text mining techniques from Crown Court sentence records available online we generate a sample of 7,212 violent and sexual offences where both court and judge are captured. Multilevel time-to-event analyses of sentence length demonstrate that most disparities originate at the judge, not the court-level. Two important implications follow: i) the extent of sentencing consistency in England and Wales has been underestimated; and ii) the importance attributed to the location in which sentences are passed – in England and Wales and elsewhere - needs to be revisited. Further analysis of the judge level disparities identifies judicial rotation across courts as a practice conducive of sentence consistency, which suggests that sentencing guidelines could be complemented with other, less intrusive, changes in judicial practice to promote consistency