Heat transfer coefficients from Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids flowing in laminar regime in a helical coil

This study aimed to carry out experimental work to obtain, for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, heat transfer coefficients, at constant wall temperature as boundary condition, in fully developed laminar flow inside a helical coil. The Newtonian fluids studied were aqueous solutions of glycerol, 25%, 36%, 43%, 59% and 78% (w/w) and the non-Newtonian fluids aqueous solutions of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), a polymer, with concentrations 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.6% (w/w) and aqueous solutions of xanthan gum (XG), another polymer, with concentrations 0.1% and 0.2% (w/w). According to the rheological study performed, the polymer solutions had shear thinning behavior and different values of elasticity. The helical coil used has internal diameter, curvature ratio, length and pitch, respectively: 0.004575 m, 0.0263, 5.0 m and 11.34 mm. The Nusselt numbers for the CMC solutions are, on average, slightly higher than those for Newtonian fluids, for identical Prandtl and generalized Dean numbers. As outcome, the viscous component of the shear thinning polymer tends to potentiate the mixing effect of the Dean cells. The Nusselt numbers of the XG solutions are significant lower than those of the Newtonian solutions, for identical Prandtl and generalized Dean numbers. Therefore, the elastic component of the polymer tends to diminish the mixing effect of the Dean cells. A global correlation, for Nusselt number as a function of Péclet, generalized Dean and Weissenberg numbers for all Newtonian and non-Newtonian solutions studied, is presented

Friction losses of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids flowing in laminar regime in a helical coil

This study aimed to carry out experimental work to determine, for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, the friction factor (fc) with simultaneous heat transfer, at constant wall temperature as boundary condition, in fully developed laminar flow inside a vertical helical coil. The Newtonian fluids studied were aqueous solutions of glycerol, 25%, 36%, 43%, 59% and 78% (w/w). The non-Newtonian fluids were aqueous solutions of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), a polymer, with concentrations of 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.6% (w/w) and aqueous solutions of xanthan gum (XG), another polymer, with concentrations of 0.1% and 0.2% (w/w). According to the rheological study done, the polymer solutions had shear-thinning behavior and different values of viscoelasticity. The helical coil used has an internal diameter, curvature ratio, length and pitch, respectively: 0.00483 m, 0.0263, 5.0 m and 11.34 mm. It was concluded that the friction factors, with simultaneous heat transfer, for Newtonian fluids can be calculated using expressions from literature for isothermal flows. The friction factors for CMC and XG solutions are similar to those for Newtonian fluids when the Dean number, based in a generalized Reynolds number, is less than 80. For Dean numbers higher than 80, the friction factors of the CMC solutions are lower those of the XG solutions and of the Newtonian fluids. In this range the friction factors decrease with the increase of the viscometric component of the solution and increase for increasing elastic component. The change of behavior at Dean number 80, for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, is in accordance with the study of Ali [4]. There is a change of behavior at Dean number 80, for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, which is in according to previous studies. The data also showed that the use of the bulk temperature or of the film temperature to calculate the physical properties of the fluid has a residual effect in the friction factor values

Avaliação do impacto da saúde oral em utentes diabéticos com idade superior ou igual a 65 anos

A patologia oral afeta a capacidade de comer, falar e socializar, influenciando negativamente as atividades de vida diária (AVD) no idoso e está exacerbada na presença de doenças crónicas, como a diabetes. Objetivos: Avaliar o impacto da saúde oral em idosos diabéticos e residentes no concelho de Alfândega da Fé, utilizando os índices OHIP-14 e GOHAI e correlacionar estes índices com as condições orais avaliadas clinicamente. Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo e transversal em 250 idosos diabéticos, orientados e residentes no concelho de Alfândega da Fé. Aplicaram-se formulários com questões sobre as caraterísticas sócio-demográficas, autoperceção da condição oral direta e através dos índices OHIP-14 e GOHAI, complementando com exame clínico à cavidade oral. A correlação de Spearman (rs) foi utilizada para avaliar a associação entre dados clínicos e os índices OHIP-14 e GOHAI. Resultados: Dos 250 idosos diabéticos, 53,6% são mulheres e 91,2% têm baixa escolaridade. As mulheres têm menor número de dentes naturais (p=0,004), maior percentagem de dentes com mobilidade (p=0,006) e com perda óssea (p=0,002) do que os homens. Os índices OHIP-14 e GOHAI revelam pior situação oral na mulher do que no homem (p<0,001 para ambos os índices). Das 8 condições orais avaliadas, 6 estão correlacionadas com os índices OHIP-14 e GOHAI no homem, mas apenas 3 na mulher. Das condições orais, a perda óssea e a percentagem de dentes cariados são as que estão mais fortemente correlacionadas quer com o GOHAI (na mulher: rs=-0,212, p<0,05 para a perda óssea e rs=-0,197, p<0,05 para a percentagem de dentes cariados; no homem: rs=-0,475, p<0,01 para a perda óssea e rs=-0,472, p<0,01 para a percentagem de dentes cariados), quer com o OHIP (na mulher: rs=0,222, p<0,05 para a perda óssea e rs=0,267, p<0,01 para a percentagem de dentes cariados; no homem: rs=0,505, p<0,01 para a perda óssea e rs=0,502, p<0,01 para a percentagem de dentes cariados). Das dimensões do índice GOHAI e do índice OHIP-14 a mais afetada foi a dimensão física. Conclusões: A correlação entre dados clínicos e índices OHIP-14 e GOHAI mostra padrão diferente entre homens e mulheres o que pode colocar restrições na aplicabilidade destes índices. Os resultados sugerem que perda óssea e a cárie são as patologias com maior interferência nos idosos diabéticos, por conseguinte deve-se investir na sua prevenção.Oral pathology affects the ability to eat, speak and socialize, negatively influencing the activities of daily living (ADL) in the elderly and is exacerbated in the presence of chronic diseases such as diabetes. Objectives: Evaluate the impact of oral health in elderly diabetics and residents in Alfândega da Fé, using the OHIP-14 and GOHAI indexes and correlate these indexes with oral conditions evaluated clinically. Methodology: A cross-sectional nature study with a quantitative approach was made in a sample of 250 elderly diabetics, oriented / able to answer the questionnaire, and residents in Alfândega da Fé. Questionnaires with questions about socio-demographic characteristics, self-perception oral condition directly and through OHIP - 14 and GOHAI indexes, complementing with clinical examination of the oral cavity, were applied. The Spearman correlation (rs) was used to evaluate the association between clinical data and the OHIP-14 and GOHAI indexes. Results: Of the 250 elderly diabetics, 53.6% are women and 91.2% had low education. Women have fewer natural teeth (p = 0.004), higher percentage of teeth with mobility (p = 0.006) and bone loss (p = 0.002) than men. The OHIP-14 and GOHAI indexes reveal worse oral situation in women than in men (p <0.001 for both indexes). From the 8 oral conditions evaluated, 6 are correlated with OHIP-14 and GOHAI indices in man, but only 3 in women. From oral conditions, bone loss and the percentage of carious teeth are those that are most strongly correlated with either GOHAI (in women: rs = -0.212, p <0.05 for bone loss and rs = -0.197, p <0 05 to the percentage of carious teeth, in men: rs = -0.475, p <0.01 for bone loss and rs = -0.472, p <0.01 for the percentage of carious teeth), with either OHIP (in women: rs = 0.222, p <0.05 for bone loss and rs = 0.267, p <0.01 for the percentage of decayed teeth, in men: rs = 0.505, p <0.01 for bone loss and rs = 0.502, p <0.01 for the percentage of carious teeth). From the dimensions of GOHAI and OHIP-14 indexes the most affected was the physical dimension. Conclusions: The correlation between clinical data and OHIP-14 and GOHAI indexes show different between men and women which may put restrictions on the applicability of these indices. The results suggest that bone loss and dental caries are pathologies with higher interference in elderly diabetics therefore investment in their prevention should be made

Predictores clínicos de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal en los mayores diabéticos

Enquadramento: Avaliar a Qualidade de Vida Relacionada com a Saúde Oral (QVRSO) é crucial no planeamento de programas de saúde, mas é escassa a investigação nesta matéria em populações com patologia crónica. Objetivos: Avaliar preditores clínicos da QVRSO de idosos diabéticos. Metodologia: Estudo transversal em 207 idosos diabéticos no Nordeste de Portugal. Os parâmetros de saúde oral foram obtidos com exame clínico. As 14 questões do Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) forneceram um score de QVRSO que foi dicotomizado em OHIP-14 com e sem impacto negativo. Os modelos de regressão logística forneceram valores ajustados de odds-ratio (OR) e respetivo intervalo de confiança a 95% (IC95%) para preditores clínicos da QVRSO. Resultados: Dos idosos, 84,1% reportaram impacto negativo na QVRSO. De acordo com a análise de regressão logística, o número de dentes naturais posteriores (OR=0,85;IC 95%:0,80-0,92) e a sensação de boca seca (OR=3,30;IC 95%:1,08-10,10) são variáveis preditoras de OHIP-14 com impacto. Conclusão: Este estudo realça a importância de prevenir perda dentária para assegurar a QVRSO nestes idosos. Abstract: Background: The assessment of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) is essential to planning oral health programs, but there is a lack of research on this issue with chronic patients. Objectives: To assess clinical predictors of OHRQoL in older adults with diabetes. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 207 older adults with diabetes in Northeast Portugal. Clinical examination provided data on oral health parameters. OHRQoL was assessed based on the short version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and the score was dichotomised into OHIP-14 with and without impact. Logistic regression models provided adjusted odds-ratio (OR) and respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for the clinical predictors of OHRQoL. Results: In this sample, 84.1% of older adults reported a negative impact on OHRQoL. According to the logistic regression analysis, the number of natural posterior teeth (OR=0.85; 95%CI:0.80-0.92) and a feeling of dry mouth (OR=3.30; 95%CI:1.08-10.10) are predictor variables of OHIP-14 with impact. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the importance of preventing tooth loss to ensure OHRQoL in these older adults

The impact of oral health on quality of life in type-2 diabetic older people from inland Northern Portugal

The assessment of the relationship between oral health and quality of life (OHRQOL) is crucial to planning oral health care programs but there is paucity in research on such relationship among people with poor oral health. Objectives: To assess the OHRQOL among older diabetic people from inland Northern Portugal. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 250 type-2 diabetic individuals aged 65 years or more; 54% being female. Data collection included clinical examinations and structured interviews. The OHRQOL was assessed by using the OHIP-14 questionnaire (scale ranged from 0 to 56; higher scores indicating poorer OHRQOL). Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted separately by gender, using OHIP-14 score as dependent variable and oral health parameters (dry mouth, gengival bleeding, periodontal pockets, number of natural anterior and posterior teeth and prosthodontic rehabilitation) as explanatory variables. Multiple standardized regression coefficients (b) were obtained for variables that kept in the model through a stepwise procedure. Clinical examination revealed that women had poorer oral health than men. OHIP-14 score was significantly higher among women than among men (28.3 ± 13.30 vs 20.8 ± 12.28; p = < 0.001) Multiple regression analysis in male group showed that number of natural posterior teeth (β = -0.428; p < 0.001) and dry mouth (β = 0.225; p = 0.020) had significant association with OHIP-14 score. In female group there were no oral factors significantly associated with such score. Conclusions: The OHRQOL showed a different pattern by gender. Among men the number of natural posterior teeth had impact on OHRQOL, highligthing the importance of strategies in perserving natural teeth throughout lifetime

Avaliação dos recursos sociais e risco de desnutrição do idoso em domicílio

No final do século passado e no início do presente a nutrição é reconhecida como a base da esperança média de vida emergindo a relação nutrição e envelhecimento como uma questão de saúde pública. Evidências epidemiológicas apontam para o facto do risco de inúmeras patologias associadas ao envelhecimento poder ser minimizado por uma intervenção adequada ao nível dos estilos de vida, nomeadamente, alimentação/nutrição, atividade física, entre outros. Os aspetos sociais como a pobreza, o isolamento social, entre outros, influenciam a ingestão alimentar e, consequentemente, o estado nutricional. Foram objetivos desta investigação identificar situações de desnutrição, avaliar os recursos sociais do idoso e verificar se existiam diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os nutridos e os desnutridos no que diz respeito aos recursos sociais acessíveis ao idoso. Para esse efeito, recolheu-se uma amostra acidental, constituída por 109 elementos, de um total de 487 idosos, com 75 anos ou mais a residir, no domicílio, no concelho de Alfandega da Fé, distrito de Bragança. Na recolha de dados, que decorreu de novembro a dezembro de 2012, foram utilizados dois questionários, o Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) desenvolvido pela Nestlé Nutrition Institute (2006) e a Escala de Recursos Sociais (OARS) desenvolvida pela Duke University Center (1978). Do total de participantes, 62,4% (68) eram do género feminino e os restantes 37,6% (41) eram do género masculino. Os resultados mostraram que 28,4% (31) dos idosos encontravam-se em risco de desnutrição e 71,6% (78) registaram um estado nutricional normal. Uma percentagem significativa (40,4%) mostrou ter recursos sociais adequados, enquanto que a maioria (59,6%) apresentou ter recursos sociais deteriorados. A maioria dos idosos apontou os filhos, a esposa e a nora como sendo os principais cuidadores, em situação de doença ou dependência. Por fim, verificou-se que o estado nutricional não é diferenciador dos recursos sociais do idoso. Após a realização deste estudo tornou-se evidente a importância de referenciar os idosos em risco e com recursos sociais deteriorados para um melhor acompanhamento por parte dos profissionais de saúde. Efetuar ações de sensibilização e educação como fazer uma alimentação saudável, incentivar o convívio social e promover a autonomia do idoso realizando ações para esse efeito é uma responsabilidade que deve ser partilhada por toda a comunidade

A Deep Insight into the Sialome of Rhodnius neglectus, a vector of chagas disease

Background Triatomines are hematophagous insects that act as vectors of Chagas disease. Rhodnius neglectus is one of these kissing bugs found, contributing to the transmission of this American trypanosomiasis. The saliva of hematophagous arthropods contains bioactive molecules responsible for counteracting host haemostatic, inflammatory, and immuneresponses. Methods/Principal Findings Next generation sequencing and mass spectrometry-based protein identification were performed to investigate the content of triatomine R. neglectus saliva.We deposited 4,230 coding DNA sequences (CDS) in GenBank. A set of 636 CDS of proteins of putative secretory nature was extracted from the assembled reads, 73 of them confirmed by proteomic analysis. The sialome of R. neglectus was characterized and serine protease transcripts detected. The presence of ubiquitous protein families was revealed, including lipocalins, serine protease inhibitors, and antigen-5. Metalloproteases, disintegrins, and odorant binding protein families were less abundant. Conclusions/Significance The data presented improve our understanding of hematophagous arthropod sialomes, and aid in understanding hematophagy and the complex interplay among vectors and their vertebrate hosts

A search for ultra-high-energy photons at the Pierre Auger Observatory exploiting air-shower universality

The Pierre Auger Observatory is the most sensitive detector to primary photons with energies above ∼0.2 EeV. It measures extensive air showers using a hybrid technique that combines a fluorescence detector (FD) with a ground array of particle detectors (SD). The signatures of a photon-induced air shower are a larger atmospheric depth at the shower maximum (X$_{max}$) and a steeper lateral distribution function, along with a lower number of muons with respect to the bulk of hadron-induced background. Using observables measured by the FD and SD, three photon searches in different energy bands are performed. In particular, between threshold energies of 1-10 EeV, a new analysis technique has been developed by combining the FD-based measurement of X$_{max}$ with the SD signal through a parameter related to its muon content, derived from the universality of the air showers. This technique has led to a better photon/hadron separation and, consequently, to a higher search sensitivity, resulting in a tighter upper limit than before. The outcome of this new analysis is presented here, along with previous results in the energy ranges below 1 EeV and above 10 EeV. From the data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory in about 15 years of operation, the most stringent constraints on the fraction of photons in the cosmic flux are set over almost three decades in energy

Study on multi-ELVES in the Pierre Auger Observatory

Since 2013, the four sites of the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory record ELVES with a dedicated trigger. These UV light emissions are correlated to distant lightning strikes. The length of recorded traces has been increased from 100 μs (2013), to 300 μs (2014-16), to 900 μs (2017-present), to progressively extend the observation of the light emission towards the vertical of the causative lightning and beyond. A large fraction of the observed events shows double ELVES within the time window, and, in some cases, even more complex structures are observed. The nature of the multi-ELVES is not completely understood but may be related to the different types of lightning in which they are originated. For example, it is known that Narrow Bipolar Events can produce double ELVES, and Energetic In-cloud Pulses, occurring between the main negative and upper positive charge layer of clouds, can induce double and even quadruple ELVES in the ionosphere. This report shows the seasonal and daily dependence of the time gap, amplitude ratio, and correlation between the pulse widths of the peaks in a sample of 1000+ multi-ELVES events recorded during the period 2014-20. The events have been compared with data from other satellite and ground-based sensing devices to study the correlation of their properties with lightning observables such as altitude and polarity