Cantinfladas of the PRI: (Mis) Representations of Mexican Society in the Films of Mario Moreno

In The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, Marx wrote that all great, world-historical facts and personages occur twice, the first time as tragedy; the second as farce. Confronted by the tumultuousness of Mexico's extended revolution, he might have added a third occurrence in the form of carnival. The world that Lázaro Cárdenas turned upside down, between 1934 and 1940, became a tragedy during the presidential administration of Miguel Alemán, from 1946 to 1952. The populist Partido Revolucionario Mexicano (PRM), intended to consolidate the working-class gains of the Cárdenas era, was co-opted by Alemán to the service of trickle-down development policies under that oxymoron of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI).1 The farce of revolutionary legitimacy became unmistakable in the line of rulers following the Tlatelolco massacre of 1968, most notoriously Jose López Portillo (1976-1982). This historical progression was mirrored by the films of Mexico's most enduring popular star, Mario Moreno " Cantinflas," who began his career in the 19305 as a symbol of revolutionary liberation, evolved over the 1940s into a representative of authoritarian capitalism, and ended in the 1970s as a grotesque caricature of Mexican societyIn The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, Marx wrote that all great, world-historical facts and personages occur twice, the first time as tragedy; the second as farce. Confronted by the tumultuousness of Mexico's extended revolution, he might have added a third occurrence in the form of carnival. The world that Lázaro Cárdenas turned upside down, between 1934 and 1940, became a tragedy during the presidential administration of Miguel Alemán, from 1946 to 1952. The populist Partido Revolucionario Mexicano (PRM), intended to consolidate the working-class gains of the Cárdenas era, was co-opted by Alemán to the service of trickle-down development policies under that oxymoron of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)

When eating becomes business

A alimentação é um grande negócio no Brasil e em todo o mundo. A empresa brasileira 3G Capital, por exemplo, foi notícia por sua aquisição de marcas internacionais renomadas como Budweiser, Kraft-Heinz e Burger King. A liderança gerencial atual do Brasil marca uma mudança notável de sua posição histórica como exportador de commodities, apesar de dominante. No entanto, a escala não é a única medida da importância econômica da alimentação; nas sociedades industriais modernas, a produção e a venda de alimentos ainda fornecem subsistência básica para inúmeras pessoas, especialmente as mais marginalizadas, de catadores de açaí na Amazônia a vendedores de comida artesanal nas ruas de São Paulo. Entender o negócio da alimentação requer várias ferramentas analíticas atravessando fronteiras sociais e geográficas. Essa análise deve estar em sintonia com a multiplicidade de problemas de saúde pública e integração social que ainda permanecem e, em alguns casos, resultaram do sucesso do agronegócio moderno e do processamento industrial de alimentos. Esta edição especial visa a apresentar os métodos e resultados na área de Estudos sobre Alimentação aos leitores da RAE-Revista de Administração de Empresas para estimular diálogos em nível internacional e interdisciplinar, levando a uma melhor compreensão e práticas inovadoras no sistema alimentar mundial

Performance of Risk-Based Criteria for Targeting Acute HIV Screening in San Francisco

Federal guidelines now recommend supplemental HIV RNA testing for persons at high risk for acute HIV infection. However, many rapid HIV testing sites do not include HIV RNA or p24 antigen testing due to concerns about cost, the need for results follow-up, and the impact of expanded venipuncture on clinic flow. We developed criteria to identify patients in a municipal STD clinic in San Francisco who are asymptomatic but may still be likely to have acute infection.Data were from patients tested with serial HIV antibody and HIV RNA tests to identify acute HIV infection. BED-CEIA results were used to classify non-acute cases as recent or longstanding. Demographics and self-reported risk behaviors were collected at time of testing. Multivariate models were developed and preliminarily evaluated using predictors associated with recent infection in bivariate analyses as a proxy for acute HIV infection. Multivariate models demonstrating ≥70% sensitivity for recent infection while testing ≤60% of patients in this development dataset were then validated by determining their performance in identifying acute infections.From 2004-2007, 137 of 12,622 testers had recent and 36 had acute infections. A model limiting acute HIV screening to MSM plus any one of a series of other predictors resulted in a sensitivity of 83.3% and only 47.6% of patients requiring testing. A single-factor model testing only patients reporting any receptive anal intercourse resulted in 88.9% sensitivity with only 55.2% of patients requiring testing.In similar high risk HIV testing sites, acute screening using "supplemental" HIV p24 antigen or RNA tests can be rationally targeted to testers who report particular HIV risk behaviors. By improving the efficiency of acute HIV testing, such criteria could facilitate expanded acute case identification

Resistance management and integrated pest management insights from deployment of a Cry3Bb1+ Gpp34Ab1/Tpp35Ab1 pyramid in a resistant western corn rootworm landscape

In Nebraska USA, many populations of western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, now exhibit some level of resistance to all corn rootworm-active Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) proteins expressed in commercial hybrids. Therefore, a study was conducted in northeast Nebraska from 2020–2022 to reevaluate current corn rootworm management options in continuous maize (consecutive planting for ≥2 years). Results from on-farm experiments to evaluate a standard soil-applied insecticide (Aztec® 4.67G) in combination with non-rootworm Bt or rootworm-active Bt pyramided maize (Cry3Bb1 + Gpp34Ab1/Tpp35Ab1) are reported within the context of WCR Bt resistance levels present. Corrected survival from Bt pyramid single-plant bioassays (\u3c0.3, 0.3–0.49, \u3e0.5) was used to place populations into 3 resistance categories. Variables evaluated included root injury, adult emergence, proportion lodged maize, and grain yield. Key results: A composite analysis of all populations across resistance levels indicated that addition of soil insecticide to Bt pyramid significantly reduced adult emergence and lodging but did not significantly increase root protection or yield. Within and among resistance category analyses of root injury revealed that the Bt pyramid remained highly efficacious at any non-rootworm Bt root injury level when resistance was absent or low. When corrected survival was \u3e0.3, mean Bt pyramid root injury tracked more closely in a positive linear fashion with mean non-rootworm Bt root injury (rootworm density x level of resistance interaction). Similar trends were obtained for adult emergence but not yield. Mean Bt pyramid root injury rating was \u3c0.75 in most populations with Bt resistance, which contributed to no significant yield differences among categories. Results are discussed within the context of IPM:IRM tradeoffs and the need to reduce WCR densities in this system to decrease the impact of the density x resistance interaction to bridge use of current pyramids with new technologies introduced over the next decade

Leveraging a Rapid, Round-the-Clock HIV Testing System to Screen for Acute HIV Infection in a Large Urban Public Medical Center

Methods The hospital laboratory performed round-the-clock rapid HIV antibody testing on venipuncture specimens from patients undergoing HIV testing in hospital and community clinics, inpatient settings, and the emergency department. For patients with negative results, a public health laboratory conducted pooled HIV RNA testing for acute HIV infection. The laboratories communicated positive results from the hospital campus to a linkage team. Linkage was defined as one outpatient HIV-related visit. Results Among 7,927 patients, 8,550 rapid tests resulted in 137 cases of HIV infection (1.7%, 95% CI 1.5%–2.0%), of whom 46 were new HIV diagnoses (0.58%, 95% CI 0.43%–0.77%). Pooled HIV RNA testing of 6,704 specimens (78.4%) resulted in 3 cases of acute HIV infection (0.05%, 95% CI 0.01%–0.14) and increased HIV case detection by 3.5%. Half of new HIV diagnoses and 2/3 of acute infections were detected in the emergency department and urgent care clinic. Rapid test sensitivity was 98.9% (95% CI 93.8%– 99.8%); specificity was 99.9% (95% CI 99.7%–99.9%). Over 95% of newly diagnosed and out-of-care HIV-infected patients were linked to care. Conclusions Patients undergoing HIV testing in emergency departments and urgent care clinics may benefit from being simultaneously screened for acute HIV infection

Performance of the Bio-Rad Geenius HIV1/2 Supplemental Assay in Detecting “Recent” HIV Infection and Calculating Population Incidence

ObjectiveHIV seroconversion biomarkers are being used in cross-sectional studies for HIV incidence estimation. Bio-Rad Geenius HIV-1/2 Supplemental Assay is an immunochromatographic single-use assay that measures antibodies (Ab) against multiple HIV-1/2 antigens. The objective of this study was to determine whether the Geenius assay could additionally be used for recency estimation.DesignThis assay was developed for HIV-1/2 confirmation; however, quantitative data acquired give information on increasing concentration and diversity of antibody responses over time during seroconversion. A quantitative threshold of recent HIV infection was proposed to determine "recent" or "nonrecent" HIV infection; performance using this cutoff was evaluated.MethodsWe tested 2500 highly characterized specimens from research subjects in the United States, Brazil, and Africa with well-defined durations of HIV infection. Regression and frequency estimation were used to estimate assay properties relevant to HIV incidence measurement: mean duration of recent infection (MDRI), false-recent rate, and assay reproducibility and robustness.ResultsUsing the manufacturer's proposed cutoff index of 1.5 to identify "recent" infection, the assay has an estimated false-recent rate of 4.1% (95% CI: 2.2 to 7.0) and MDRI of 179 days (155 to 201) in specimens from treatment-naive subjects, presenting performance challenges similar to other incidence assays. Lower index cutoffs associated with lower MDRI gave a lower rate of false-recent results.ConclusionsThese data suggest that with additional interpretive analysis of the band intensities using an algorithm and cutoff, the Geenius HIV-1/2 Supplemental Assay can be used to identify recent HIV infection in addition to confirming the presence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies