Croissance de la population et stagnation de l’agriculture au Cambodge : essai sur les conditions permissives d’un processus révolutionnaire

La prise de conscience, chez les masses laborieuses, de la nécessité de la révolution, est une condition requise à la guerre révolutionnaire. Cette dernière constitue une étape bien déterminée dans le déroulement d'ensemble d'un processus révolutionnaire, mais non le processus lui-même. En effet, suivant la loi générale du passage de la quantité à la qualité, elle succède à une étape au contenu qualifié, ici. de conditions permissives. Il s'agit de contradictions secondaires et articulées sur la principale dont le développement ininterrompu permet au processus révolutionnaire de prendre son essor. Le présent article, explique les conditions permissives d'un processus révolutionnaire telles qu'elles se présentent dans le cas concret du Cambodge. Ces conditions sont liées à l'opposition entre la croissance de la population et la stagnation de l'agriculture.The realization on the part of the workers of the necessity of revolution is a condition pre-requisite to revolutionary war. Indeed. it constitutes a well-defined step in the unfolding of the total revolutionary process; it does not. however. constitute the process itself. In effect. following the general principle of passage from quantity to quality. the step of realization succeeds to a stage qualified by its content, that is to say characterized by conditions which one may call permissive i.e. conditions which permit or precipitate events. This means secondary and articulated contradictions based on the principal, the uninterrupted development of which permits the revolutionary process to take wing. The following article lays bare the permissive conditions of a revolutionary process as seen in a concrete example, namely that of Cambodia. These conditions are tied to the opposition between demographic growth and stagnation of agriculture

Prevalence of asymptomatic ocular conditions in subjects with refractive-based symptoms

AbstractBackgroundThis study aims to determine the overall prevalence of ocular conditions in a population from 19 to 64 years old, presenting with refractive-based symptoms only. Results could impact clinical standard of eye care on a similar population.MethodsThis is a retrospective study on patients seen for an eye examination at the Clinique Universitaire de la Vision (CUV), between January 2007 and 2009. Files of individuals who presented with refractive symptoms were only selected and classified by file number. Then, every third file from the beginning was kept and reviewed by a reader. A second reader did the same with every third file from the end. Both readers were trained to use the same analysis grid to classify the diagnosed ocular conditions. In the case of multiple findings, the most severe condition was considered. The overall prevalence of ocular conditions was determined by calculating their occurrence divided by the number of files analyzed.ResultsA total of 860 charts were analyzed. In 26.1% of the cases an ocular condition was diagnosed. This work establishes a higher prevalence of ocular conditions compared to another study conducted in Canada in the past. This difference can be explained by a different analytical methodology and by the fact that all examinations, in this study, were made under pupillary dilation.ConclusionThe presence of ocular conditions in 26% of asymptomatic patients supports the need to assess ocular health under pupil dilation as part of any eye examination. However, further cost-to-benefit analysis is required before establishing such a recommendation

Macular hemodynamic responses to short-term acute exercise in young healthy adults

AbstractWe investigated the effects of vigorous exercise on blood flow in the macular vasculature. The velocity and density of entoptically viewed leukocytes in the paramacular retinal capillaries were measured with an Oculix BFS-2000 blue field simulator in 18 healthy adults first at rest, and then after 20 min of exercise. Exercise typically increased the density of leukocytes with more variable effects on their velocity. When leukocyte velocity and density were factored together, macular blood flow increased only marginally after exercise. We conclude that retinal blood flow in the macula is subject to the influence of autoregulatory mechanisms presumably to sustain normal central visual function during increased systemic blood flow

Predicting the risk for angle closure as defined by the Shaffer System Using Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography: A Simple Approach

Purpose: To propose a simple non-invasive method for screening patients at risk for angle closure using anterior segment OCT. Methods: Scans of nasal and temporal iridocorneal angles in glaucoma suspect patients were performed using OCT. Upon identifying Schwalbe’s line, the integrated caliper tool was used to draw a line to the nearest point of the iris to produce a measure ‘S-I’. Gonioscopy was performed and angles graded according to Shaffer’s classification to assess the correlation between both methods. Results: Thirty-four images were available for analysis. Spearman correlation coefficients between S-I anf gonioscopy grades were 0.81 for nasal and 0.77 for temporal quadrants respectively. Intraobserver ICC calculations demonstrated excellent reproducibility (0.98 and 0.99 for nasal and temporal angles) and excellent interobserver correlation (0.94 and 0.93). The diagnostic cutoff value of S-I for occludable angles was established at 330mm. Conclusion: S-I measurement strongly correlates with gonioscopy and may be a suitable alternative for evaluating risk for angle closure

Prévoir le risque de fermeture de l’angle tel que défini par la classification de Shaffer à l’aide de la tomographie par cohérence optique du segment antérieur : Une approche simple

Objectif: Proposer une méthode non invasive simple pour le dépistage des patients à risque de fermeture de l’angle en utilisant l’imagerie du segment antérieur à l’aide de la TCO. Méthodes: Des examens radiologiques des angles irido-cornéens en nasal et en temporal ont été réalisés au moyen de la TCO chez des patients référés pour suspicion de glaucome. Après l’identification de la ligne de Schwalbe, une droite fut tracée jusqu’au point de l’iris le plus rapproché (S-I) à l’aide de l’outil de compas intégré de l’appareil. Une gonioscopie a été effectuée et la méthode de Shaffer a été utilisée pour grader l’ouverture de l’angle afin d’évaluer la corrélation entre les deux méthodes. Résultats: Trente-quatre images étaient disponibles pour analyse. Les coefficients de corrélation de Spearman entre les mesures S-I et les grades de Shaffer se sont établis à 0,81 et 0,77 pour les quadrants nasal et temporal respectivement. Les calculs intra-observateur des coefficients de corrélation intraclasse avaient une excellente reproductibilité (0,98 et 0,99 pour les angles en nasal et en temporal) et on a observé une excellente corrélation inter-observateur (0,94 et 0,93). La valeur diagnostique S-I pour les angles à risque de fermeture a été provisoirement établie à 330 mm. Conclusion: La mesure S-I corrèle fortement avec les résultats de la gonioscopie et pourrait être une solution de rechange appropriée pour évaluer le risque de fermeture de l’angle

Life After AREDS 2: What Should We Recommend to Patients With or at Risk of AMD?

Purpose: To establish a consensus on clinical recommendation of oral supplementation for patients with or at risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AmD), from the perspective of the Age-Related eye Disease Study 2 (AReDS 2) and other studies. Methods: Panel discussion based on a literature review of pertinent articles related to the prevention of AmD with oral supplementation. Results: on the basis of the findings, patients must first be encouraged to modify their diet and to eliminate modifiable risk factors before being recommended any type of oral supplementation. Then, recommendations must be customized on the basis of a patient’s individual risk profile (i.e., age, gender, heredity, etc.) and severity of disease (i.e., category 1 to 4). essential fatty acids (omega-3s) and vitamins may play a role, in a given clinical population, to prevent the occurrence or the progression of AmD disease. However, there is no single formula that can be applied to all patients with or at risk of AmD. Conclusions: This group concluded that the full body of literature must be taken into consideration in order to justify clinical recommendations for patients. A single study such as AReDS 2 cannot, by itself, guide clinical practice. In all cases, recommendations must be individualized and patients should be monitored regularly

Does shade improve light interception efficiency? A comparison among seedlings from shade-tolerant and -intolerant temperate deciduous tree species

• Here, we tested two hypotheses: shading increases light interception efficiency (LIE) of broadleaved tree seedlings, and shade-tolerant species exhibit larger LIEs than do shade-intolerant ones. The impact of seedling size was taken into account to detect potential size-independent effects on LIE. LIE was defined as the ratio of mean light intercepted by leaves to light intercepted by a horizontal surface of equal area. • Seedlings from five species differing in shade tolerance (Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, A. pseudoplatanus, B. pendula, Fagus sylvatica) were grown under neutral shading nets providing 36, 16 and 4% of external irradiance. Seedlings (1- and 2-year-old) were three-dimensionally digitized, allowing calculation of LIE. • Shading induced dramatic reduction in total leaf area, which was lowest in shade-tolerant species in all irradiance regimes. Irradiance reduced LIE through increasing leaf overlap with increasing leaf area. There was very little evidence of significant size-independent plasticity of LIE. • No relationship was found between the known shade tolerance of species and LIE at equivalent size and irradiance

Front Psychiatry

The rate of individuals with addiction who are currently treated are low, and this can be explained by barriers such as stigma, desire to cope alone, and difficulty to access treatment. These barriers could be overcome by mobile technologies. EMI (Ecological Momentary Intervention) is a treatment procedure characterized by the delivery of interventions (messages on smartphones) to people in their daily lives. EMI presents opportunities for treatments to be available to people during times and in situations when they are most needed. Craving is a strong predictor of relapse and a key target for addiction treatment. Studies using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) method have revealed that, in daily life, person-specific cues could precipitate craving, that in turn, is associated with a higher probability to report substance use and relapse in the following hours. Assessment and management of these specific situations in daily life could help to decrease addictive use and avoid relapse. The Craving-Manager smartphone app has been designed to diagnose addictive disorders, and assess and manage craving as well as individual predictors of use/relapse. It delivers specific and individualized interventions (counseling messages) composed of evidence-based addiction treatments approaches (cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness). The Craving-Manager app can be used for any addiction (substance or behavior). The objective of this protocol is to evaluate the efficacy of the Craving-Manager app in decreasing use (of primary substance(s)/addictive behavior(s)) over 4 weeks, among individuals on a waiting list for outpatient addiction treatment. This multicenter double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) will compare two parallel groups: experimental group (full interventional version of the app, 4 weeks, EMA + EMI), versus control group (restricted version of the app, 4 weeks, only EMA). Two hundred and seventy-four participants will be recruited in 6 addiction treatment centers in France. This RCT will provide indication on how the Craving-Manager app will reduce addictive use (e.g., better craving management, better stimulus control) in both substance and behavioral addictions. If its efficacy is confirmed, the app could offer the possibility of an easy to use and personalized intervention accessible to the greatest number of individuals with addiction. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04732676