A Case Study on Logical Relations using Contextual Types

Proofs by logical relations play a key role to establish rich properties such as normalization or contextual equivalence. They are also challenging to mechanize. In this paper, we describe the completeness proof of algorithmic equality for simply typed lambda-terms by Crary where we reason about logically equivalent terms in the proof environment Beluga. There are three key aspects we rely upon: 1) we encode lambda-terms together with their operational semantics and algorithmic equality using higher-order abstract syntax 2) we directly encode the corresponding logical equivalence of well-typed lambda-terms using recursive types and higher-order functions 3) we exploit Beluga's support for contexts and the equational theory of simultaneous substitutions. This leads to a direct and compact mechanization, demonstrating Beluga's strength at formalizing logical relations proofs.Comment: In Proceedings LFMTP 2015, arXiv:1507.0759

An Open Challenge Problem Repository for Systems Supporting Binders

A variety of logical frameworks support the use of higher-order abstract syntax in representing formal systems; however, each system has its own set of benchmarks. Even worse, general proof assistants that provide special libraries for dealing with binders offer a very limited evaluation of such libraries, and the examples given often do not exercise and stress-test key aspects that arise in the presence of binders. In this paper we design an open repository ORBI (Open challenge problem Repository for systems supporting reasoning with BInders). We believe the field of reasoning about languages with binders has matured, and a common set of benchmarks provides an important basis for evaluation and qualitative comparison of different systems and libraries that support binders, and it will help to advance the field.Comment: In Proceedings LFMTP 2015, arXiv:1507.0759

Memoization-Based Proof Search in LF An Experimental Evaluation of a Prototype

AbstractElf is a general meta-language for the specification and implementation of logical systems in the style of the logical framework LF. Proof search in this framework is based on the operational semantics of logic programming. In this paper, we discuss experiments with a prototype for memoization-based proof search for Elf programs. We compare the performance of memoization-based proof search, depth-first search and iterative deepening search using two applications: 1) Bi-directional type-checker with subtyping and intersection types 2) Parsing of formulas into higher-order abstract syntax. These experiments indicate that memoization-based proof search is a practical and overall more efficient alternative to depth-first and iterative deepening search

Contextual Refinement Types

We develop an extension of the proof environment Beluga with datasort refinement types and study its impact on mechanized proofs. In particular, we introduce refinement schemas, which provide fine-grained classification for the structures of contexts and binders. Refinement schemas are helpful in concisely representing certain proofs that rely on relations between contexts. Our formulation of refinements combines the type checking and sort checking phases into one by viewing typing derivations as outputs of sorting derivations. This allows us to cleanly state and prove the conservativity of our extension.Comment: In Proceedings LFMTP 2023, arXiv:2311.0991

Well-Founded Recursion over Contextual Objects

We present a core programming language that supports writing well-founded structurally recursive functions using simultaneous pattern matching on contextual LF objects and contexts. The main technical tool is a coverage checking algorithm that also generates valid recursive calls. To establish consistency, we define a call-by-value small-step semantics and prove that every well-typed program terminates using a reducibility semantics. Based on the presented methodology we have implemented a totality checker as part of the programming and proof environment Beluga where it can be used to establish that a total Beluga program corresponds to a proof

Explicit Substitutions for Contextual Type Theory

In this paper, we present an explicit substitution calculus which distinguishes between ordinary bound variables and meta-variables. Its typing discipline is derived from contextual modal type theory. We first present a dependently typed lambda calculus with explicit substitutions for ordinary variables and explicit meta-substitutions for meta-variables. We then present a weak head normalization procedure which performs both substitutions lazily and in a single pass thereby combining substitution walks for the two different classes of variables. Finally, we describe a bidirectional type checking algorithm which uses weak head normalization and prove soundness.Comment: In Proceedings LFMTP 2010, arXiv:1009.218

Semi-Automation of Meta-Theoretic Proofs in Beluga

We present a sound and complete focusing calculus for the core of the logic behind the proof assistant Beluga as well as an overview of its implementation as a tactic in Beluga's interactive proof environment Harpoon. The focusing calculus is designed to construct uniform proofs over contextual LF and its meta-logic in Beluga: a dependently-typed first-order logic with recursive definitions. The implemented tactic is intended to complete straightforward sub-cases in proofs allowing users to focus only on the interesting aspects of their proofs, leaving tedious simple cases to Beluga's theorem prover. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our work by using the tactic to simplify proving weak-head normalization for the simply-typed lambda-calculus.Comment: In Proceedings LFMTP 2023, arXiv:2311.0991

Multi-level Contextual Type Theory

Contextual type theory distinguishes between bound variables and meta-variables to write potentially incomplete terms in the presence of binders. It has found good use as a framework for concise explanations of higher-order unification, characterize holes in proofs, and in developing a foundation for programming with higher-order abstract syntax, as embodied by the programming and reasoning environment Beluga. However, to reason about these applications, we need to introduce meta^2-variables to characterize the dependency on meta-variables and bound variables. In other words, we must go beyond a two-level system granting only bound variables and meta-variables. In this paper we generalize contextual type theory to n levels for arbitrary n, so as to obtain a formal system offering bound variables, meta-variables and so on all the way to meta^n-variables. We obtain a uniform account by collapsing all these different kinds of variables into a single notion of variabe indexed by some level k. We give a decidable bi-directional type system which characterizes beta-eta-normal forms together with a generalized substitution operation.Comment: In Proceedings LFMTP 2011, arXiv:1110.668