Księstwo Mazowieckie u progu inkorporacji. Charakterystyka obszaru około 1526 r. (część południowa)

This article is the first of a two-part review of ten lands of the Duchy of Mazovia and the counties that constituted them on the eve of their incorporation into the Kingdom of Poland in September 1526. It presents four southern lands: of Czersk, Warsaw, Liw, and Nur. The first two made the political core of the last Piasts’ rule, while the latter two were separated from those two in the fifteenth century. In total, this area encompassed ten counties. All the lands of the Duchy of Mazovia are characterised according to a uniform scheme, in the then binding seniority system. Particular lands were presented in terms of administrative divisions (state and Church ones), settlement processes, and the state of the urban network, the types and distribution of land ownership, and the position of a given land in the political structures of the duchy, expressed among other things by the functioning of a complete or incomplete hierarchy of offices, and the participation of the nobility of a given land in the exercise of power. Attempts have been made to show the diversity in the degree of development of Mazovian lands and to indicate its genesis.Artykuł jest pierwszą z dwóch części przeglądu dziesięciu ziem Księstwa Mazowieckiego i tworzących je powiatów w przededniu włączenia ich do Królestwa Polskiego we wrześniu 1526 r. Przedstawiono w nim cztery południowe ziemie: czerską i warszawską, stanowiące trzon polityczny władztwa ostatnich Piastów, oraz wyodrębnione z nich w ciągu XV w. – liwską i nurską. W sumie obszar ten obejmował dziesięć powiatów. Wszystkie ziemie księstwa mazowieckiego scharakteryzowano według jednolitego schematu, w obowiązującym ówcześnie układzie starszeństwa. Poszczególne ziemie zaprezentowano pod kątem podziałów administracyjnych (państwowych i kościelnych), procesów osadniczych i stanu sieci miejskiej, typów i rozmieszczenia własności ziemskiej oraz pozycji danej ziemi w strukturach politycznych księstwa, wyrażającej się m.in. funkcjonowaniem pełnej bądź niepełnej hierarchii urzędów oraz udziale szlachty danej ziemi w sprawowaniu władzy. Starano się pokazać zróżnicowanie stopnia zagospodarowania ziem mazowieckich i wskazać jego genezę

Atlas historyczny Polski w badaniach nad średniowiecznym osadnictwem Polski. Związki Atlasu ze Słowikiem historyczno-geograficznym ziem polskich w średniowieczu

This article presents the relationship between two monumental series developed at the Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences – the Historical Atlas of Poland and the Historical-Geographical Dictionary of the Polish Lands in the Middle Ages. From this perspective, the author presents the idea of their development, conceptual assumptions and the history of institutional relations. A separate part is devoted to analysing the use of the Atlas in the compilation of the Dictionary, focusing on the volumes devoted to Mazovia.Artykuł przedstawia związki między dwiema pomnikowymi seriami opracowywanymi w Instytucie Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk – Atlasem historycznym Polski i Słownikiem historyczno-geograficznym ziem polskich w średniowieczu. Pod tym kątem omówiono ideę ich powstania, założenia koncepcyjne oraz dzieje powiązań instytucjonalnych. Odrębną część poświęcono analizie wykorzystania Atlasu w opracowywaniu Słownika, koncentrując się na tomach dotyczących Mazowsza

Księstwo Mazowieckie u progu inkorporacji. Charakterystyka obszaru około 1526 roku (część północna)

The article is the final part of a two-part review of ten lands of the Duchy of Mazovia and the counties that constituted them on the eve of their incorporation into the Kingdom of Poland in September 1526. It presents six northern and eastern lands of: Wyszogród, Zakroczym, Ciechanów, Wizna, Łomża, and Maków-Różan. In total, this area encompassed fourteen counties. All the lands of the Duchy of Mazovia are characterised according to a uniform scheme, in the then-binding seniority system. Particular lands were presented in terms of administrative divisions (state and Church ones), settlement processes, and the state of the urban network, the types and distribution of land ownership, and the position of a given land in the political structures of the duchy, expressed among other things by the functioning of a complete or incomplete hierarchy of offices, and the participation of the nobility of a given land in the exercise of power. Attempts have been made to show the diversity in the degree of development of Mazovian lands and to indicate its genesis.Artykuł jest drugą częścią przeglądu dziesięciu ziem Księstwa Mazowieckiego i tworzących je powiatów w przededniu włączenia ich do Królestwa Polskiego we wrześniu 1526 r. Przedstawiono w nim sześć ziem położonych w północnej i wschodniej części księstwa: wyszogrodzką, zakroczymską, ciechanowską, wiską, łomżyńską i makowsko-różańską. W sumie obszar ten obejmował czternaście powiatów. Wszystkie ziemie scharakteryzowano według jednolitego schematu, w obowiązującym ówcześnie układzie starszeństwa. Poszczególne ziemie zaprezentowano pod kątem podziałów administracyjnych (państwowych i kościelnych), procesów osadniczych i stanu sieci miejskiej, typów i rozmieszczenia własności ziemskiej oraz pozycji danej ziemi w strukturach politycznych księstwa, wyrażającej się m.in. funkcjonowaniem pełnej bądź niepełnej hierarchii urzędów oraz udziale szlachty danej ziemi w sprawowaniu władzy. Starano się pokazać zróżnicowanie stopnia zagospodarowania ziem mazowieckich i wskazać jego genezę

As Sociabilidades Juvenis e suas Relações na Diversidade do Espaço Escolar

 As práticas escolares são mediadas por relações sociais, sociabilidades, desigualdades e diferenças étnicas, de gênero e de valores. A escolarização dos jovens de camadas populares é frequentemente associada ao fracasso escolar, do aluno desinteressado e indisciplinado. Estas classificações acabam por transferir aos alunos a responsabilidade pelo fracasso. Quais os significados que esses alunos atribuem à escola? Qual é a visão dos/as alunos/as sobre a escola? Ao responder essas perguntas, buscamos identificar práticas cotidianas de sociabilidades de jovens de classes populares no interior da escola e suas percepções deste local. A pesquisa orientou-se por essas perguntas tendo como objetivo geral analisar, através das experiências de jovens no cotidiano de convivências informais, os significados da escola e as sociabilidades neste espaço. A metodologia qualitativa adotada nesta pesquisa é etnográfica composta por um trabalho de campo com a utilização de imagens. Foram identificados grupos que se colocam durante o recreio em delimitações espaciais, corporais com interesses e estilos diversos, estabelecidas a partir de vários marcadores sociais das diferenças – classe, gênero, etnia, geração etc. As análises iniciais das práticas de sociabilidade mostram que a escola transforma-se para estes jovens em um espaço de relacionamento, lazer e de convívio. Palavras-Chave: Culturas Juvenis, Diversidade Cultural, Igualdades e Diferenças, Relações Escolare

As Sociabilidades Juvenis e suas Relações na Diversidade do Espaço Escolar

As práticas escolares são mediadas por relações sociais, sociabilidades, desigualdades e diferenças étnicas, de gênero e de valores. A escolarização dos jovens de camadas populares é frequentemente associada ao fracasso escolar, do aluno desinteressado e indisciplinado. Estas classificações acabam por transferir aos alunos a responsabilidade pelo fracasso. Quais os significados que esses alunos atribuem à escola? Qual é a visão dos/as alunos/as sobre a escola? Ao responder essas perguntas, buscamos identificar práticas cotidianas de sociabilidades de jovens de classes populares no interior da escola e suas percepções deste local. A pesquisa orientou-se por essas perguntas tendo como objetivo geral analisar, através das experiências de jovens no cotidiano de convivências informais, os significados da escola e as sociabilidades neste espaço. A metodologia qualitativa adotada nesta pesquisa é etnográfica composta por um trabalho de campo com a utilização de imagens. Foram identificados grupos que se colocam durante o recreio em delimitações espaciais, corporais com interesses e estilos diversos, estabelecidas a partir de vários marcadores sociais das diferenças – classe, gênero, etnia, geração etc. As análises iniciais das práticas de sociabilidade mostram que a escola transforma-se para estes jovens em um espaço de relacionamento, lazer e de convívio.   Palavras-Chave: Culturas Juvenis, Diversidade Cultural, Igualdades e Diferenças, Relações Escolare

Powiat kcyński w drugiej połowie XVI w.

In the second half of the 16th century, the district of Kcynia was administratively a part of the Kalisz voivodeship, which also comprised the districts of Kalisz, Pyzdry, Konin, Gniezno and Nakło. Th e district of Kcynia was situated in the northern part of the voivodeship, from the north bordering the district of Nakło and from the south the district of Gniezno. It constituted a part of the Kalisz voivodeship since 1768, when three northern districts were separated from that voivodeship, namely of Gniezno, Kcynia and Nakło – thus establishing the Gniezno voivodeship. The source basis of the reconstruction of settlement, together with state and church administrative divisions in 1600 are the so-called tax registers, which were the lists of incomes from the extraordinary tax temporarily passed by the Seym of the Republic of Poland for military purposes. In the second half of the 16th c. it acquired a common character, including all categories of the population and industrial facilities functioning in rural and urban areas. The censuses were performed according to the administrative division into voivodeships and districts as well as parishes inside them. For the second half of the 16th c. eleven tax registers of the district of Kcynia have been preserved from the years 1564–1591, at present kept in the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw. Data from the registers are supplemented with the information from other sources, first of all ecclesiastical ones. The settlement network of the district of Kcynia was mostly shaped already in the period of the Middle Ages (13th–15th centuries). The number of new settlements in the 16th c., especially in the second half, was already small. In the period under discussion the district of Kcynia comprised 2400 km2 and the number of identified settlement sites can be determined at 317, which means that one settlement included approximately 7.5 km2. In that time there were 13 towns in the area of the district, the biggest being Żnin, which belonged to the archbishop of Gniezno and which had 2500 inhabitants. The population of the district capital Kcynia, the seat of the starost (overseer of the Crown lands), can be estimated at about 1000 persons. The district of Kcynia mostly included small rural settlements with the area not exceeding 10 lans (a unit of field measurement) of arable land plus the manor lands. The area of the arable land (except the manor lands) in the district of Kcynia was at that time about 340 km2, which was a little more than 14% of the whole area of the district. The total size of the usable area can be estimated at only 30% of the whole district area, while the rest included forests and waste land. The gentry property clearly predominated, constituting about 79% of the whole estate, while 18% was church property and only 2% of the lands belonged to the kind, while 1% was a mixed property. It can be stated on the basis of the sources that in the district of Kcynia at that time nearly 40 watermills and more than 50 windmills functioned and they were concentrated in the central part of the region with the least forestation. The area of the district of Kcynia in the period under discussion was divided between three dioceses, namely of Gniezno, Poznań and Wrocław. Most of the area belonged to the archdeanery of Gniezno of the Gniezno archdiocese and within it, to three deaneries: of Łekno, Żnin and Gniezno-St. Peter. Forty one parishes had their seats in the area of the district

Analysis of value added distribution of companies in the financial and related sectors of BM & FBovespa

A contabilidade tem passado por diversas mudanças para adequar-se à forma de divulgação das informações financeiras das entidades a fim de atender às Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade. Devido a transformações políticas, econômicas e sociais, antigos padrões que respondiam apenas aos interesses dos acionistas requerem alterações para atender também aos anseios da sociedade em relação às instituições. Segundo Welter, Oberger e Vanzella (2005), essas mudanças contribuem para que as empresas recorram a novas estratégias buscando sua continuidade no mercado. Uma delas está relacionada à divulgação da responsabilidade social. Sendo assim, percebe-se a preocupação das entidades com relação à transparência, à responsabilidade social e à governança corporativa. Dentro desse tema, insere-se a demonstração de valor adicionado. Este estudo analisa de que forma as empresas do setor financeiro e afins listados na BM&FBovespa fazem a distribuição da riqueza gerada por meio da análise da demonstração do valor adicionado (DVA), estabelecendo uma comparação dentro do setor entre os segmentos que o compõem. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de natureza qualitativa, em que foram examinadas as DVAs referentes aos exercícios 2011, 2012 e 2013 das instituições que compuseram a amostra. Os resultados da pesquisa revelam diferenças significativas entre os segmentos analisados. Tal fato não pode ser atribuído apenas à natureza do negócio das empresas; é também ocasionado pela diferença de prática corporativa das sociedades.The accounting has undergone several changes to adapt to the way of reporting financial statements of entities in order to meet International Accounting Standards. Due to political, economic and social changes, the old patterns that answered only to the interests of shareholders need also to be adapted to meet social concerns in relation to the institutions. According to Welter, Oberger and Vanzella (2005), these changes led the companies to search for new strategies to ensure their continuity in the market. One of them regards to the disclosure of social responsibility. Thus, it is observed the concern of companies as to transparency, social responsibility and corporate governance. The value added statement (VAS) is within this issue. This study analyses how companies in the financial and related sectors listed on the BM & FBovespa distribute generated wealth through the analysis of the value added statement, comparing the segments that compose the sector. This is a descriptive, qualitative study, in which VAS for the years of 2011, 2012 and 2013 of companies that composed the sample were investigated. The results show meaningful differences among the considered segments. This fact cannot be assigned only to the nature of the companies, but also to the difference in corporate practice of societies

„man spricht deutsh“. Zum Einsatz des Spielfilms als Medium interkultureller Sensibilisierung im Rahmen des Fachsprachenunterrichts ,Deutsch im Tourismus‘

Der Beitrag erläutert an einem konkreten Beispiel, wie Spielfilme im Tourismus-bezogenen Fachsprachenunterricht Deutsch als Medium interkultureller Sensibilisierung eingesetzt werden können. Ausgangspunkt der Ausführungen ist das Dilemma, als im Fremdenverkehr Beschäftigter ständig mit einer Gratwanderung zwischen (sprachlicher und kultureller) Anpassung an die Erwartungen ausländischer Gäste und Vermittlung eines authentischen Bildes von der eigenen Kultur konfrontiert zu sein. Auf Basis des „Vier-Kulturen-Modells“ von Marion Thiem erfolgt dann der Entwurf eines Unterrichts, in dessen Verlauf im zugrunde gelegten Film (man spricht deutsh) nach Motiven der ,Kultur der Quell-Region‘, der ,Ferien-Kultur‘, der ,Dienstleistungs-Kultur‘ und der ,Kultur der Ziel-Region‘ im Rahmen touristischer Aufenthalte im Ausland gefahndet wird. An zwei eingehender analysierten Film-Sequenzen wird das Aufeinanderprallen der oft nur schwer vereinbaren Ansprüche der genannten Kultur-Formen demonstriert. Abschließend werden Transfer-Aufgaben beschrieben, die helfen, die gewonnenen interkulturellen Einsichten in die spätere Berufspraxis der Lerner zu übertragen.The article illustrates by means of a specific example how feature films can be used as a medium of making people aware of cultural differences in courses of German as a technical language focussing on tourism. The following ideas are based on the dilemma of tourism employees who are permanently confronted with the challenge of meeting (as to language and culture) foreign guests’ expectations on the one hand, and of presenting an authentic view of the own culture on the other hand. Following the “Four cultures’ model” by Marion Thiem, a teaching unit will be presented, where the feature film (man spricht deutsh) is analysed regarding ‘culture of the region of origin’, ‘holiday culture’, ‘service culture’ and ‘culture of the region of destination’ as experienced by tourists staying abroad. By a more detailed analysis of two film sequences the clash of the different forms of culture mentioned above, will be demonstrated. Last not least transfer exercises will be suggested that might help students to use their knowledge about intercultural differences in their future professional practice

Evidências científicas sobre letramento em saúde

Propósito/Contexto. Analisar evidências científicas sobre Letramento em Saúde (LS) e verificar como o desenvolvimento de habilidade em LS por parte dos estudantes e profissionais da área de saúde pode ter um papel primordial no atendimento humanizado. Metodologia. Busca na base de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrievel System Online (Medline) via PubMed, através da estratégia (Health Literacy) AND ((Medical student) OR (Students, Health Occupations) OR (Health Personnel) OR (Physicians)). Pesquisa realizada de Janeiro a Fevereiro de 2021, considerando estudos em inglês, espanhol e português, nos últimos 10 anos. Resultados. LS vai além da capacidade de leitura, escrita e interpretação de textos e números, inclui também o desenvolvimento de habilidades para obter, analisar e aplicar informações de saúde de forma que o indivíduo consiga tomar decisões no seu cotidiano. Destaca-se de acordo com a literatura a intervenção em famílias e médicos para padronizar a comunicação. Erros médicos nocivos diminuíram, experiência familiar e processos de comunicação melhoraram após a implementação de uma intervenção de comunicação estruturada para rondas centradas na família. Conclusão. LS deve ser prestigiado na relação entre profissional e paciente para aumentar a adesão ao tratamento, além de empoderar os cidadãos quanto ao autocuidado e comportamentos de proteção e prevenção