CREDIT SCORE MIGRATION ANALYSIS OF FARM BUSINESSES: CONDITIONING ON BUSINESS CYCLES AND MIGRATION TRENDS

This study examines credit score migration rates of farm businesses. We test whether migration probabilities differ across business cycles. Our results suggest that agricultural credit ratings are more likely to improve during expansions and deteriorate during recessions. We also test whether agricultural credit ratings depend on the previous period migration trends. Our results show that credit score ratings exhibit trend reversal where upgrades (downgrades) are more likely to be followed by downgrades (upgrades).business cycle, credit migration, migration trend, path dependence, rating drift, trend reversal, Agricultural Finance,

The Changing Practice of Bankruptcy Law: An Analysis of How Bankruptcy Practice Has Changed in the Last Decade

The practice of bankruptcy law has changed drastically over the last decade. An attorney starting out in the field in 2009 faces different issue than one who began in 1999. However, it’s not just the issues that come up with clients that make the practice so different, but the law of bankruptcy itself has changed. The economic downturn of the last eighteen months has changed the way the public views bankruptcy. The Bankruptcy Reform Act of 2005 and In re Bateman, a case decided in 2008, altered the landscape of bankruptcy practice forever. This article will walk through a decade of bankruptcy reform, from the points of view of an attorney practicing in 1999 and one practicing in 2009. The purpose of this article is to provide a practical review of the new bankruptcy laws and their impact on how attorneys should practice in today’s bankruptcy world. Through a discussion of the economic climate, legal reform, and the social reform surrounding bankruptcy, we hope to educate today’s attorneys not only of the present state of the law, but the future of bankruptcy practice as well

CHANGES IN 800 METER PERSONAL RECORDS FOR COMPETITIVE FEMALE RUNNERS FROM HIGH SCHOOL TO COLLEGE

TTo advance understanding of improvements in running performance, changes in personal records (PR) from high school to college were compared. It was hypothesized that females competing in the 800m in college would improve PR times from high school to college, improvements would be different between athletic conferences, and modern statistical methods could differentiate trends in the relationship between high school and college PR. Data from female athletes competing in the 800m from three different athletic conferences (n=73) were gathered from published race results and 79.4% improved by at least 1s with no significant differences between conferences. A positive relationship exists between high school and college PRs. Knowledge of changes in running performance provides context when interpreting an individual’s improvements in running biomechanics over time

Interannual, seasonal, and diel variation in soil respiration relative to ecosystem respiration at a wetland to upland slope at Harvard Forest

Soil carbon dioxide efflux (soil respiration, SR) was measured with eight autochambers at two locations along a wetland to upland slope at Harvard Forest over a 4 year period, 2003–2007. SR was consistently higher in the upland plots than at the wetland margin during the late summer/early fall. Seasonal and diel hystereses with respect to soil temperatures were of sufficient magnitude to prevent quantification of the influence of soil moisture, although apparent short‐term responses of SR to precipitation occurred. Calculations of annual cumulative SR illustrated a decreasing trend in SR over the 5 year period, which were correlated with decreasing springtime mean soil temperatures. Spring soil temperatures decreased despite rising air temperatures over the same period, possibly as an effect of earlier leaf expansion and shading. The synchronous decrease in spring soil temperatures and SR during regional warming of air temperatures may represent a negative feedback on a warming climate by reducing CO2 production from soils. SR reached a maximum later in the year than total ecosystem respiration (ER) measured at a nearby eddy covariance flux tower, and the seasonality of their temperature response patterns were roughly opposite. SR, particularly in the upland, exceeded ER in the late summer/early fall in each year, suggesting that areas of lower efflux such as the wetland may be significant in the flux tower footprint or that long‐term bias in either estimate may create a mismatch. Annual estimates of ER decreased over the same period and were highly correlated with SR

Chandra Discovery of a 300 kpc X-ray Jet in the GPS Quasar PKS1127-145

We have discovered an X-ray jet with Chandra imaging of the z=1.187 radio-loud quasar PKS1127-145. In this paper we present the Chandra X-ray data, follow-up VLA observations, and optical imaging using the HST WFPC2. The X-ray jet contains 273+/-5 net counts in 27ksec and extends ~30 arcsec, from the quasar core, corresponding to a minimum projected linear size of ~330/h_50 kpc. The evaluation of the X-ray emission processes is complicated by the observed offsets between X-ray and radio brightness peaks. We discuss the problems posed by these observations to jet models. In addition, PKS1127-145 is a Giga-Hertz Peaked Spectrum radio source, a member of the class of radio sources suspected to be young or ``frustrated'' versions of FRI radio galaxies. However the discovery of an X-ray and radio jet extending well outside the host galaxy of PKS1127-145 suggests that activity in this and other GPS sources may be long-lived and complex.Comment: 22 pages, 11 ps figures, 1 figure in a JPG file, 3 tables. AASTEX. Accepted by The Astrophysical Journa

No Change in Perceptual or Chronotropic Outcome When Altering Preferred Step Frequency for a Short Duration

IIntroduction: Millions of individuals incorporate jogging into their physical activity routines as a leisurely pursuit and as a way to achieve positive health outcomes. People appear to choose jogging speed and the associated step frequency on pure, natural preference. Understandably, kinesthetics are important, but another important underlying factor is metabolic cost. The purpose of this work was to investigate if preferred step frequency (at a preferred jogging pace) also minimizes perceived effort (Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion, 6-20; RPE) and chronotropic stress (heart rate; HR) during a ten-minute activity bout when compared with step frequencies altered by 5%. Methods: Recreationally-trained male subjects underwent two testing visits. The first visit was used to establish RPE and HR responses during a 10-minute jogging activity at preferred speed and step frequency. On a subsequent visit, between two and four days later, with preferred speed maintained, subjects were guided by metronome to strike at either 95% or 105% of their preferred step frequency. The 10-minute runs were randomized, crossed-over, and separated by 20 minutes. RPE and HR were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Fourteen subjects (age: 21.1 ± 0.95; body mass index: 23.2 ± 2.5) enrolled. Preferred jogging speed (speed. 6.4 ± 1.0 miles per hour; 10.2 ± 1.6 kilometers per hour) and step frequency (steps. 161.2 ± 10.3 steps/minute) were determined at the first visit, along with RPE (11.3 ± 1.7) and HR (166.4 ± 12.7). At the second visit, preferred speed was maintained while the frequency of foot-strike was altered. Neither differences in RPE (p = 0.252; 11.3 ± 1.7, 11.6 ± 1.9, 11.8 ± 1.5) nor HR (p = 0.547; 166.4 ± 12.7, 164.7 ± 14.9, 165.2 ± 15.3) were different when comparing the preferred, 95%, and 105% step frequency trials, respectively. Although anecdotal, some subjects verbalized displeasure with the change in pace and most all appeared to markedly alter the initial foot strike phase of the gait to meet the directed foot strike tempo. Discussion: Our data must be interpreted cautiously. While altering step frequency by 5% for a short duration does not appear to alter an individual’s RPE or HR appreciably, the result during longer duration activity may not be the same. In addition, the implications for biomechanical loading and metabolic cost were not presently investigated

The Lantern Vol. 43, No. 1, Fall 1976

• Frustration • Think Again • My Sweet • Secret Society of One • November Ghosts • A Lonely Girl\u27s Prayer • Visions of You • The Innocence Baby • Society • Silence • Don\u27t Turn Around • Waves • Loneliness • Time Writer • Brood • It\u27s Not Funny • Four Haiku, Entwined • We\u27ll Have to Stop Meeting Like This • Castles In the Sand • The Seahttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/lantern/1109/thumbnail.jp

The Lantern Vol. 39, No. 2, Spring 1973

• Days of Rain • Reflections On Clifton, New Jersey • Interlude • Window Scene • Eh! • Odyssey of Malcolm • Tuna on Toast • The Second Avenue Bus • Salutation of the Dawn • So Say Something • Mood • Moriarty\u27s Lament • I\u27ve Been a Lonely Gypsy • Change • Cool Ray • The Thinker • A Southern Sunsethttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/lantern/1102/thumbnail.jp

Letter to editor

No abstract availabl

Metabolic Activation of Benzo[a]pyrene by Human Tissue Organoid Cultures

Organoids are 3D cultures that to some extent reproduce the structure, composition and function of the mammalian tissues from which they derive, thereby creating in vitro systems with more in vivo-like characteristics than 2D monocultures. Here, the ability of human organoids derived from normal gastric, pancreas, liver, colon and kidney tissues to metabolise the environmental carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was investigated. While organoids from the different tissues showed varied cytotoxic responses to BaP, with gastric and colon organoids being the most susceptible, the xenobiotic-metabolising enzyme (XME) genes, CYP1A1 and NQO1, were highly upregulated in all organoid types, with kidney organoids having the highest levels. Furthermore, the presence of two key metabolites, BaP-t-7,8-dihydrodiol and BaP-tetrol-l-1, was detected in all organoid types, confirming their ability to metabolise BaP. BaP bioactivation was confirmed both by the activation of the DNA damage response pathway (induction of p-p53, pCHK2, p21 and γ-H2AX) and by DNA adduct formation. Overall, pancreatic and undifferentiated liver organoids formed the highest levels of DNA adducts. Colon organoids had the lowest responses in DNA adduct and metabolite formation, as well as XME expression. Additionally, high-throughput RT-qPCR explored differences in gene expression between organoid types after BaP treatment. The results demonstrate the potential usefulness of organoids for studying environmental carcinogenesis and genetic toxicology