Transcription par une ARN Polymerase : mesures de forces à l'échelle de la molécule unique

We have performed single molecule experiments tomeasure the influence of mechanical force on a transcribing T7 RNA polymerase. This motor enzyme is highly processive, and structurally very related to Pol-I family including HIV 1 reverse transcriptase. One end of the template DNA is held by a polymerase anchored to a surface, the other end is attached to a microscopic bead which is captured by an optical trap that measures the force developed during transcription. We report velocity measurements performed with an applied force in the range 5-20 pN, and at different nucleotide concentrations. The nucleotide binding step in the catalytic cycle is limiting when lowering NTP concentration. We observe at low NTP concentration that the velocity of the enzyme becomes markedly force-dependent, whereas it is not at saturant NTP concentration. We deduce that the forward motion of the polymerase along DNA occurs upon nucleotidebinding in the beginning of the reactions cycle. The energy of NTP hydrolysis is thus not directly used as mechanical energy. Homologies among polymerases suggest that translocation mechanism is also shared. Thus we propose that for polymerases in general,nucleotide binding is associated to forward motion.We performed another type of single moleculeexperiment by measuring the force during the mechanical opening of DNA. It allowed us to determine the rotationnal drag undergone by a rotating DNA molecule.This DNA unzipping configuration has also been used to study the interaction between EcoR V protein and DNA. The dissociation energy shows a large variability linked to different affinities of the target sites of the enzyme.Nous avons réalisé une expérience à l'échelle de la molécule unique pour étudier l'influence d'une force mécanique sur la transcription par l'ARN polymérase du phage T7. Cette enzyme, prototype de moteur moléculaire, est très processive et partage des homologies avec les membres de la famille Pol I incluant la transcriptase inverse du VIH 1. Une extrémité de l'ADN à transcrire est tenue par une polymérase fixée sur une surface, l'autre extrémité est attachée à une bille microscopique capturée à l'aide d'un piège optique interférométrique qui permet de mesurer la force développée durant la transcription. Des mesures de vitesse de transcription ont été réalisées dans la gamme 5-20 pN, à différentes concentrations en nucléotides (NTP). On observe que la diminution de la concentration en NTP, qui rend l'étape de liaison du nucléotide dans le site actif limitante, fait apparaître une dépendance marquée de la vitesse à la force, alors que les hautes concentrations en NTP rendent la polymérase insensible à la force. On en déduit que le mouvement d'avancée de l'enzyme le long de l'ADN est couplé à la fixation du nucléotide dans le site actif. Ainsi l'énergie d'hydrolyse n'est pas directement convertie en énergie mécanique. Les homologies entre polymérases suggèrent que ce mécanisme est également partagé, ce qui permet de proposer que pour les polymérases en général, l'étape de fixation du nucléotide dans le site actif est couplé au mouvement sur l'ADN.Nous avons également mené un autre type d'expérience en mesurant la force lors de l'ouverture mécanique de la double hélice d'ADN, qui a permis de déterminer la friction exercée sur l'ADN en rotation.La configuration d'ouverture de l'ADN a été également utilisée pour étudier l'interaction d'une protéine, EcoR V avec l'ADN. L'analyse des résultats a mis en évidence une grande variabilité dans l'énergie de dissociation, liée à des différences d'affinités entre les sites de reconnaissance spécifiques de l'enzyme

Transcription par une ARN polymérase (mesures de forces à l'échelle de la molécule unique)

PARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

Spatiotemporal pattern formation in E. coli biofilms explained by a simple physical energy balance

International audienceWhile the biofilm growth mode conveys notable thriving advantages to bacterial populations, the mechanisms of biofilm formation are still strongly debated. Here, we investigate the remarkable spontaneous formation of regular spatial patterns during the growth of an Escherichia coli biofilm. These patterns reported here appear with non-motile bacteria, which excludes both chemotactic origins and other motility-based ones. We demonstrate that a minimal physical model based on phase separation describes them well. To confirm the predictive capacity of our model, we tune the cell-cell and cell-surface interactions using cells expressing different surface appendages. We further explain how F pilus-bearing cells enroll their wild type kindred, poorly piliated, into their typical pattern when mixed together. This work supports the hypothesis that purely physicochemical processes, such as the interplay of cell-cell and cell-surface interactions, can drive the emergence of a highly organized spatial structure that is potentially decisive for community fate and for biological functions

Long-term diversity and genome adaptation of Acinetobacter baylyi in a minimal-medium chemostat.

International audienceLaboratory-based evolution experiments on microorganisms that do not recombine frequently show two distinct phases: an initial rapid increase in fitness followed by a slower regime. To explore the population structure and the evolutionary tree in the later stages of adaptation, we evolved a very large population (~3 × 10(10)) of Acinetobacter baylyi bacteria for approximately 2,800 generations from a single clone. The population was maintained in a chemostat at a high dilution rate. Nitrate in limiting amount and as the sole nitrogen source was used as a selection pressure. Analysis via resequencing of genomes extracted from populations at different generations provides evidence that long-term diversity can be established in the chemostat in a very simple medium. To find out which biological parameters were targeted by adaptation, we measured the maximum growth rate, the nitrate uptake, and the resistance to starvation. Overall, we find that maximum growth rate could be a reasonably good proxy for fitness. The late slow adaptation is compatible with selection coefficients spanning a typical range of 10(-3)-10(-2) per generation as estimated by resequencing, pointing to a possible subpopulations structuring

Guidance of zoospores by potassium gradient sensing mediates aggregation

The biflagellate zoospores of some phytopathogenic Phytophthora species spontaneously aggregate within minutes in suspension. We show here that Phytophthora parasitica zoospores can form aggregates in response to a K+ gradient with a particular geometric arrangement. Using time-lapse live imaging in macro- and microfluidic devices, we defined (i) spatio-temporal and concentration-scale changes in the gradient, correlated with (ii) the cell distribution and (iii) the metrics of zoospore motion (velocity, trajectory). In droplets, we found that K+-induced aggregates resulted from a single biphasic temporal sequence involving negative chemotaxis followed by bioconvection over a K+ gradient concentration scale [0-17 mM]. Each K+-sensing cell moved into a region in which potassium concentration is below the threshold range of 1-4 mM, resulting in swarming. Once a critical population density had been achieved, the zoospores formed a plume that migrated downward, with fluid advection in its wake and aggregate formation on the support surface. In the microfluidic device, the density of zoospores escaping potassium was similar to that achieved in droplets. We discuss possible sources of K+ gradients in the natural environment (zoospore population, microbiota, plant roots, soil particles), and implications for the events preceding inoculum formation on host plants

Bacterial biofilm under flow: First a physical struggle to stay, then a matter of breathing

Bacterial communities attached to surfaces under fluid flow represent a widespread lifestyle of the microbial world. Through shear stress generation and molecular transport regulation, hydrodynamics conveys effects that are very different by nature but strongly coupled. To decipher the influence of these levers on bacterial biofilms immersed in moving fluids, we quantitatively and simultaneously investigated physicochemical and biological properties of the biofilm. We designed a millifluidic setup allowing to control hydrodynamic conditions and to monitor biofilm development in real time using microscope imaging. We also conducted a transcriptomic analysis to detect a potential physiological response to hydrodynamics. We discovered that a threshold value of shear stress determined biofilm settlement, with sub-piconewton forces sufficient to prevent biofilm initiation. As a consequence, distinct hydrodynamic conditions, which set spatial distribution of shear stress, promoted distinct colonization patterns with consequences on the growth mode. However, no direct impact of mechanical forces on biofilm growth rate was observed. Consistently, no mechanosensing gene emerged from our differential transcriptomic analysis comparing distinct hydrodynamic conditions. Instead, we found that hydrodynamic molecular transport crucially impacts biofilm growth by controlling oxygen availability. Our results shed light on biofilm response to hydrodynamics and open new avenues to achieve informed design of fluidic setups for investigating, engineering or fighting adherent communities

Bacterial biofilm under flow: First a physical struggle to stay, then a matter of breathing

International audienceBacterial communities attached to surfaces under fluid flow represent a widespread lifestyle of the microbial world. Through shear stress generation and molecular transport regulation, hydrodynamics conveys effects that are very different by nature but strongly coupled. To decipher the influence of these levers on bacterial biofilms immersed in moving fluids, we quantitatively and simultaneously investigated physicochemical and biological properties of the biofilm. We designed a millifluidic setup allowing to control hydrodynamic conditions and to monitor biofilm development in real time using microscope imaging. We also conducted a transcrip-tomic analysis to detect a potential physiological response to hydrodynamics. We discovered that a threshold value of shear stress determined biofilm settlement, with sub-piconewton forces sufficient to prevent biofilm initiation. As a consequence, distinct hydrodynamic conditions , which set spatial distribution of shear stress, promoted distinct colonization patterns with consequences on the growth mode. However, no direct impact of mechanical forces on biofilm growth rate was observed. Consistently, no mechanosensing gene emerged from our differential transcriptomic analysis comparing distinct hydrodynamic conditions. Instead, we found that hydrodynamic molecular transport crucially impacts biofilm growth by controlling oxygen availability. Our results shed light on biofilm response to hydrodynamics and open new avenues to achieve informed design of fluidic setups for investigating, engineering or fighting adherent communities

Coordination of two opposite flagella allows high-speed swimming and active turning of individual zoospores

International audiencePhytophthora species cause diseases in a large variety of plants and represent a serious agricultural threat, leading, every year, to multibillion dollar losses. Infection occurs when these biflagellated zoospores move across the soil at their characteristic high speed and reach the roots of a host plant. Despite the relevance of zoospore spreading in the epidemics of plant diseases, characteristics of individual swimming of zoospores have not been fully investigated. It remains unknown about the characteristics of two opposite beating flagella during translation and turning, and the roles of each flagellum on zoospore swimming. Here, combining experiments and modeling, we show how these two flagella contribute to generate thrust when beating together, and identify the mastigonemes-attached anterior flagellum as the main source of thrust. Furthermore, we find that turning involves a complex active process, in which the posterior flagellum temporarily stops, while the anterior flagellum keeps on beating and changes its gait from sinusoidal waves to power and recovery strokes, similar to Chlamydomonas's breaststroke, to reorient its body to a new direction. Our study is a fundamental step towards a better understanding of the spreading of plant pathogens' motile forms, and shows that the motility pattern of these biflagellated zoospores represents a distinct eukaryotic version of the celebrated 'run-and-tumble' motility class exhibited by peritrichous bacteria