Simulation Based Assessment of Heat Pumping Potential in Non-Residential Buildings – Part 3: Application to a typical office building in Belgium

peer reviewedThe purpose of this paper is to describe the application of the tools presented in a companion paper [1] to a typical office building located in the Walloon Region of Belgium. This building is a mid-size (7000 m² on seven floors) office building constructed in the eighties and equipped with a classical HVAC solution: boiler and air-cooled chiller; all-air VAV system. An energy audit was conducted in this building and featured a number of management problems. Among the Energy Conservation Opportunities considered to improve the energy performance of the building, the move to a heat pump solution was considered. The identification of energy savings potential offered by the implementation of heat pumping strategies confirmed what was already shown by the parametric analysis: in temperate climates, reversibility offers a by far higher potential than condenser heat recovery given the dominant non simultaneity of the yearly heating and cooling demands profiles. Calculations show that theoretically half of the heating demand could be satisfied by the reversibility of the chiller to run in heat pumping mode. In a second step, a number of practical implementations of heat pumping solutions were evaluated by means of another software tool: reversible air/water HP, exhaust air HP, double condenser and water loop heat pump systems. These solutions are compared to the reference existing situation (boiler + chiller working independently) in terms of energy, CO2 emissions and cost on a 20 years life-cycle basis. Calculations show that the air/water reversible chiller solution offers the most important energy savings and CO2 reduction while staying at a reasonable level concerning the additional cost.IEA-ECBCS Annex 4

Combined simulation of the building, primary and secondary plant of a typical office building

Office buildings are very often equipped with complex HVAC systems made of primary, secondary and control sub-systems. The interaction between those elements is complex and requires specific analysis tools. In the context of the IEA-ECBCS Annex 48 and IEE-HarmonAC projects, a typical office building of the Walloon region was deeply analyzed through both monitoring and simulation work. The main objective of the work was, starting from the existing status of the building, to assess the performance of a number of changes in the building envelope, HVAC system and control system. In particular, the performance of different reversible (air coupled, ground coupled) heat pumps was calculated and compared to a reference situation (separate production for heating and cooling). To achieve this objective, different simulation tools were used. This paper will relate the development, calibration and use of a detailed TRNSYS application integrating a multi-zone (10 per floor) modeling of the building envelope, a detailed representation of the secondary plant (including the simulation of a customized VAV system), a modeling of the different configurations of the primary plant (with and without heat pump) as well as a realistic consideration of the main elements of the control system. The paper will present successively the architecture of the simulation application, the selection of the Types required to perform the task, the calibration of some of them using measurements carried out in the building and the results obtained by running a number of configurations of the system. The paper will specifically focus on the problems generated by the interaction between the primary and secondary plant as well as with the specific issues related to the simulation of the control system

Estimating Attributable Mortality Due to Nosocomial Infections Acquired in Intensive Care Units

Background. The strength of the association between intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired nosocomial infections (NIs) and mortality might differ according to the methodological approach taken. Objective. TO assess the association between ICU-acquired NIs and mortality using the concept of population-attributable fraction (PAF) for patient deaths caused by ICU-acquired NIs in a large cohort of critically ill patients. Setting. Eleven ICUs of a French university hospital. Design. We analyzed surveillance data on ICU-acquired NIs collected prospectively during the period from 1995 through 2003. The primary outcome was mortality from ICU-acquired NI stratified by site of infection. A matched-pair, case-control study was performed. Each patient who died before ICU discharge was defined as a case patient, and each patient who survived to ICU discharge was denned as a control patient. The PAF was calculated after adjustment for confounders by use of conditional logistic regression analysis. Results. Among 8,068 ICU patients, a total of 1,725 deceased patients were successfully matched with 1,725 control Patients. The adjusted PAF due to ICU-acquired NI for patients who died before ICU discharge was 14.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.4%—14.8%). Stratified by the type of infection, the PAF was 6.1% (95% CI, 5.7%-6.5%) for pulmonary infection, 3.2% (95% CI, 2.8%-3.5%) for central venous catheter infection, 1.7% (95% CI, 0.9%-2.5%) for bloodstream infection, and 0.0% (95% CI, -0.4% to 0.4%) for urinary tract infection. Conclusions. ICU-acquired NI had an important effect on mortality. However, the statistical association between ICU-acquired NI and mortality tended to be less pronounced in findings based on the PAF than in study findings based on estimates of relative risk. Therefore, the choice of methods does matter when the burden of NI needs to be assesse

Molecular Evidence of Interhuman Transmission of Pneumocystis Pneumonia among Renal Transplant Recipients Hospitalized with HIV-Infected Patients

Molecular evidence indicates that P. jirovecii may be nosocomially transmitted to severely immunosuppressed patients

Training infection control and hospital hygiene professionals in Europe, 2010 : agreed core competencies among 33 European countries

The harmonisation of training programmes for infection control and hospital hygiene (IC/HH) professionals in Europe is a requirement of the Council recommendation on patient safety. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control commissioned the ‘Training Infection Control in Europe’ project to develop a consensus on core competencies for IC/HH professionals in the European Union (EU). Core competencies were drafted on the basis of the Improving Patient Safety in Europe (IPSE) project’s core curriculum (CC), evaluated by questionnaire and approved by National Representatives (NRs) for IC/HH training. NRs also re-assessed the status of IC/HH training in European countries in 2010 in comparison with the situation before the IPSE CC in 2006. The IPSE CC had been used to develop or update 28 of 51 IC/HH courses. Only 10 of 33 countries offered training and qualification for IC/ HH doctors and nurses. The proposed core competencies are structured in four areas and 16 professional tasks at junior and senior level. They form a reference for standardisation of IC/HH professional competencies and support recognition of training initiatives.peer-reviewe

Analyse de solutions RSE, choix et démonstrations

Dans la première partie, état de l’art, j’essaie de comprendre d’où part l’engouement pour les réseaux sociaux d’entreprises, comment ils peuvent révolutionner la manière de travailler, les fonctionnalités qu’ils offrent et les besoins auxquels ils répondent. Puis, je procède au test et à l’analyse des principaux réseaux sociaux. Ces analyses sont reprises par la suite pour m’aider à choisir un RSE adapté aux besoins du client. La seconde partie de mon travail est une réalisation pratique. Il s’agit d’évaluer si l’implantation d’un RSE dans un laboratoire de la HEG, le Laboratoire des Technologies et de l’Information (LTI), comblerait leurs besoins actuels. Tout d’abord, je procède à une étude de l’existant afin de voir ce qui peut être amélioré dans l’organisation actuelle et d’identifier l’enjeu du projet. Ensuite, une étude de besoin me permet d’identifier clairement les besoins métiers auxquels le RSE pourrait répondre et les fonctions nécessaires. Le choix du RSE constitue une étape à part entière. Il est essentiel que celui-ci réponde aux exigences des collaborateurs du LTI afin de s’assurer qu’il sera accepté et utilisé par la suite. Finalement, la dernière étape est de proposer ce dernier et d’évaluer la réaction des utilisateurs potentiels

Conclusion de la partie

776. Théoriquement le roi, maître de toute juridiction et maître de tous les juges, est décrit à la fois comme le chef d’orchestre de sa justice et comme le soliste génial qui peut lui-même rendre la justice, interpréter la loi, faire droit à ses sujets. 777. En pratique, il apparaît que cette vision n’est en fait que la synthèse d’un ordre féodal d’où l’on vient et de l’ordre absolutiste où l’on va ; si la monarchie a bien compris une chose après six siècles de reconstruction patien..

Chapitre VII. Les principes de gouvernement

792. La guerre de Cent ans sanctionne l’échec de la féodalité comme système global : dès l’origine la présence de deux monarchies au sein d’un monde féodo-vassalique commun franco-anglais scellait son destin. Un roi ne pouvait se soumettre comme vassal à un roi, le doublon causait un dysfonctionnement dans le logiciel féodal, responsable de pannes à répétition : les guerres entre rois d’Angleterre et rois de France furent en réalité continuelles dès le XIIe siècle, soit lorsque chacune des de..

Conclusion générale

1212. Le premier XVIe siècle constitue ce qu’il convient d’appeler une phase de l’histoire monarchique. A tout le moins un premier XVIe siècle au sens large, étendu de quelques années, de 1494 à 1559. Cette période est marquée par une unité de forme et de mouvement, de stabilité ; ce n’est pas un temps de stagnation mais de progression régulière, presque en ligne droite et à rythme constant, durant lequel la monarchie trouve une vitesse de croisière et maintient un cap, suit une trajectoire q..