Accounting Conservatism in International Financial Reporting Standards and U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

During the past five years, the number of US. citizens who own foreign securities has increased by thirty percent. This trend has led to the need for a uniform accounting system that would increase the comparability and consistency of financial statements across countries in the world. Today, over 100 countries have adopted International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as their primary accounting system. The European Union required the use of IFRS in 2005. In the U.S., the Securities and Exchange Commission is considering the adoption of IFRS in 2014. IFRS and U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are different in many ways. U.S. GAAP is more detailed, with strict rules and guidelines to follow. In contrast, IFRS allows more room for accountants to make judgments in preparing financial statements and auditing them. This has led to the assumption that IFRS would open the door to earnings management and decrease the conservatism of financial statements. Conservatism is the accountant\u27s tendency to require a higher degree of verification to recognize good news as gains than to recognize bad news as losses (Basu, 1997). Conservatism helps prevent managers from manipulating income and earnings per share (EPS). While there are many studies on accounting conservatism in U.S. GAAP,few or no studies have been done to determine the impact of conservatism in IFRS. This study was conducted to determine whether IFRS is more conservative than US. GAAP by comparing the book-to-market value (BTM) between IFRS.firms and U.S. GAAP firms. Lower BTAf values are associated with greater firm conservatism

The impact of credit ratings and CEOs’ work experience on earnings management and post-issue performance of U.S. IPOs

The IPO market is characterised by a high level of information asymmetry; thus, self-interested managers have strong incentives to overstate earnings during the IPO to inflate stock prices. Prior literature has provided evidence of earnings manipulation by managers around IPOs. If managers opportunitically manipulate earnings in the IPO year, the reported earnings will not be sustainable, and the IPO firms will exhibit negative abnormal stock returns in subsequent periods due to investors’ downward adjustment of their evaluation of the firm value. Another common phenomenon of the IPO markets is the underperformance of IPO firms in the post-issue periods, with nearly a third of issuers either failing or being acquired within five years of going public. Therefore, in this thesis, I aim to examine potential factors contributing to restraining the level of earnings management undertaken by IPO firms and improving the post-issue long-term performance. Specifically, I investigate the impact of credit ratings and CEOs’ work experience on earnings management and post-issue performance of newly listed firms. I uncover strong evidence that newly listed firms going public with a credit rating are less likely to engage in income-enhancing earnings management through both accruals and real operating activities manipulation. Moreover, while unrated IPO firms manipulate earnings to mislead investors, rated issuers tend to employ accounting discretion for informative purposes. I also study the association between CEOs’ financial experience and earnings management around IPOs and find that IPO firms with financial expert CEOs are less likely to manage earnings through accruals. Furthermore, financial expert CEOs tend to be informative in financial reporting to allow investors to properly gauge the fair value of the firm. In addition, I investigate the influence of CEOs’ specialist managerial experience on the probability of failure and survivability of IPO firms. My findings suggest that specialist CEOs enhance the ability of IPO firms to remain viable for a longer period of time. My research not only contributes to a wide range of literature on IPOs, credit ratings, earnings management and managerial attributes but also provides several practical implications for regulators in monitoring IPO firms’ financial reporting, for investors in making investment decisions, and for firms in considering relevant work experience for CEO appointment

An interpreter for object comprehension query language

Object Comprehensions are a new query notation introduced in 1994 by Chan and Trinder to provide a declarative query language for object-oriented databases. Object Comprehensions allow queries to be expressed clearly, concisely, and processed efficiently, while incorporating many features that are missing from or inadequate in existing object-oriented query languages such as support of object-orientation, computational power and support of collection. However there is no object-oriented database (OOD) so far which incorporates Object Comprehension Language (OCL) as a query interface. This paper introduces an interpreter that evaluates the OCL query language against an in-memory database

Applying the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) in Investigating Online Impulsive Buying Behavior of Vietnamese Consumers

Based on The Theory of Adoption and Use of Technology (UTAUT) (Venkatesh et al., 2003), this study builds a research model regarding the Factors affecting Vietnamese consumers' online impulsive buying behavior. The multiple regression results reveal that Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, and Online Buying Intention play a crucial role in amplifying the development of online impulsive buying behavior in Vietnam. Keywords: buying behavior, online buying, impulsive buying behavior, compulsive buying behavior, UTAUT, Vietnam DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-6-19 Publication date:March 31st 2021

Effects of some factors on carotenoid biosynthesis by Rhodotorula Muclaginosa

Carotenoid compounds are the popular natural antioxidants which are often isolated from plants. There have been more and more researches on carotenoid biosynthesis towards lowering product prices. In this study, in order to produce carotenoid, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was grown on aqueous media composed of carbon source (glucose, glycerol), nitrogen source (yeast extract, (NH4)2SO4). The optimum nutrient concentration was 10g/L glucose, 10g/L glycerol, the ratio of yeast extract and (NH4)2SO4 (3:7). The fermentation time for obtaining the highest carotenoid yield was 10 days in our research condition. Additionally, some oxidative stress environment for Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was be studied. The result has shown that the low level of Cu2+ (4.5mM) or 1% H2O2 solution (% v/v) in the fermentation media could increase the carotenoid biosynthesis

Factors Affecting Young Consumers’ Intention to Purchase Upcycled Fashion Products – A Case Study in Vietnam

In this study, the author has given different basis to build hypothesis and research models to find out the factors affecting the Vietnamese young consumer's intention to purchase upcycled fashion products. Firstly, this paper focuses on studying the relationship between attitudes and purchase intentions. Secondly, the author studies the effects of factors on attitudes and purchase intentions. The main research subjects are factors affecting Vietnamese young consumer' intention to to purchase upcycled fashion products. Hence, this research was conducted based on survey results among 400 young people aged 18 to 34 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city which are two big city in Vietnam. The authors used two statistical software, SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 20.0, to analyze the survey results. These tools help the authors analyze Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficients, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), structural equation model (SEM). The results show that there was a positive relationship between young consumers' attitudes and purchase intention in the Vietnamese context. Attitude mediates the relationship between the influencing factors and purchase intention. Moreover, the study test the impact of five main factors including environmental concern, social value, uniqueness value, perception financial risk, and perceive quality risk. The environmental concern (β = 0.337) is considered as the strongest effect on consumers' attitudes towards products. The factors such as uniqueness value (β = 0.302) as well as social value (β = 0.216) also positively affect consumers' attitudes. On the other hand, perception financial risk (β = -0.168), and perceive quality risk (β = -0.280) negatively affect consumers' attitude

Self-injurious Behavior of Children with Autism in Vietnam: Across Sectional Study

This study explored self-injurious behaviour (SIB) of autistic children in Vietnam through a crosssectional design. 60 informants, including 57 parents and 3 caregivers completed the questionnaire on problem behaviour consisting of aggression, self-injury, stereotyping, property destruction, other problem behaviours and their functions. Results revealed that children experienced all mentioned problem behaviours, especially self-injurious behaviour. The topographies of self-injurious behaviour of the children included head-hitting, head-scratching, head-banging, hair-pulling, face-hitting, facepuncturing with a pen, ear-scratching, lip-picking, hand-biting, hand-scratching, hand-pinching, and belly-scratching. The most common area of self-injurious behaviour is the head. The functions of these problem behaviours were expressed in four types (social positive reinforcement, social negative reinforcement, automatic positive reinforcement and automatic negative reinforcement). Social positive reinforcement appeared as a prominent function. Out of these 57 children, 21 of them who were autistic with self-injurious behaviour went through a functional behaviour assessment (FBA) in which the four conditions known as attention, tangible items, escape from task/activities, automatic stimulation were tested. The results of functional behaviour assessment (FBA) further indicated the correspondence between the FAST-R and FBA outcome on function of problem behaviour, especially self-injurious behaviour. The research concluded that the prominent function of these self-injurious behaviours was social function. It means self-injurious behaviours usually occur within a condition of social interaction, especially, in this present study, in the tangible condition. The antecedent of selfinjurious behaviour is the removal of tangibles (e.g. food, preferred items). This paper contributes to our knowledge of self-injurious behaviour of children with autism in Vietnam where empirical research of this field was still very rare

ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA ÁP DỤNG GIỐNG LÚA LAI ĐẾN HIỆU QUẢ KỸ THUẬT CỦA CÁC HỘ TRỒNG LÚA Ở VIỆT NAM

Agricultural technology adoption is one of the crucial factors to increase the productivity and efficiency of agricultural production in developing countries. This study analyzes the effect of hybrid rice seeds adoption on the technical efficiency of rice farmers in Vietnam by using the dataset of the Vietnam Household Resource Access Survey 2018 (VARHS 2018). The paper employs the stochastic production frontier analysis (SFA) method with two stages including the production function model and inefficiency model to examine the influence of the hybrid rice seeds adoption on the technical efficiency of rice production. The estimation results show that the adoption of hybrid rice varieties increases the level of technical efficiency. In addition, the results show that the group of households adopting the hybrid rice seeds has higher productivity and technical efficiency levels than the non-adopters. From the results above, we suggest relevant policy implications to enhance the adoption of hybrid rice seeds and farmers' access to better inputs.Áp dụng công nghệ nông nghiệp là một trong các yếu tố quan trọng để tăng năng suất và hiệu quả sản xuất nông nghiệp ở các nước đang phát triển. Nghiên cứu này phân tích ảnh hưởng của việc áp dụng giống lúa lai đến hiệu quả kỹ thuật của các hộ trồng lúa ở Việt Nam bằng việc sử dụng bộ dữ liệu Điều tra tiếp cận nguồn lực của hộ gia đình Việt Nam 2018 (VARHS 2018). Bài báo áp dụng phương pháp hàm sản xuất biên ngẫu nhiên (SFA) hai giai đoạn bao gồm mô hình hàm sản xuất và mô hình phi hiệu quả để xem xét sự ảnh hưởng của việc áp dụng giống lúa lai lên hiệu quả kỹ thuật sản xuất lúa. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng việc áp dụng giống lúa lai làm gia tăng hiệu quả kỹ thuật. Thêm vào đó, kết quả nghiên cứu còn chỉ ra rằng nhóm hộ áp dụng giống lúa lai có năng suất và hiệu quả kỹ thuật cao hơn nhóm hộ không áp dụng. Từ kết quả nghiên cứu, chúng tôi đề xuất những hàm ý chính sách liên quan để tăng cường việc áp dụng các giống lúa lai và khả năng tiếp cận của nông dân với các yếu tố đầu vào tốt hơn

The Status of Educational Sciences In Vietnam: A Bibliometric Analysis From Clarivate Web Of Science Database Between 1991 And 2018

Since 2013, Vietnam has implemented a plan to reform the whole education sector. However, there is little understanding on the status of educational research in Vietnam, which may lay the foundation for such plan. Thus, this research aims to analyze the whole picture of educational research from Vietnam, as seen from the Clarivate Web of Science (WOS) database: 215 publications were recorded, ranging from 1991 to 2018. These 215 publications were further analyzed from five perspectives: 1) number of publications by year; 2) research fields and levels of education; 3) top institutions with the highest number of publications; 4) international collaboration; and 5) quality. Some of the most notable results are: 1) the educational sciences in Vietnam have been still under-developed until recently; 2) among different research topics research among educational sciences, some (e.g., Vocational Education and Training or Early Childhood Education) seemed to be overlooked whereas others (e.g., Higher Education and Teaching and Learning) seemed to receive more attention from educational scholars; 3) all the most major education – specialized universities did not appear among the top five institutions with highest number of publications; 4) Australia, Thailand, the USA, New Zealand and China were the countries with the highest number of co-publications with Vietnamese researchers; and 5) The majority of publications belonged to low-ranked journals. Implications would be withdrawn for Vietnamese policymakers, education leaders, educational researchers and teachers in order to adjust their policies and/or action plans; thus, enhancing the performance and impacts of educational research in the future