Substitution of soybean by pigeon pea meal in broiler feed

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o valor nutritivo do farelo de guandu (FG) suplementado com metionina com vistas à substituição do farelo de soja (FS) em dietas para frangos de corte com 1 a 28 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, num esquema fatorial 3 x 3, com três níveis de substituição - 15, 30 e 45% - e três níveis de suplementação de metionina em relação às exigências, ou seja, 100, 66 e 33%, com quatro repetições. Constatou-se que o FG tratado durante 20 minutos a 100°C substituiu até 30% da proteína do FS, mesmo sem suplementação com metionina, em relação ao peso vivo (p < 0,01), à conversão alimentar e à eficiência de utilização da energia metabolizável e da proteína (p < 0,05). No nível de suplementação de 66% de metionina, obtiveram-se esses mesmos resultados quanto a esses parâmetros em todos os níveis de substituição do FS pelo FG. A substituição em 30% ou 45% da proteína do FS pela do FG, afetou (p < 0,01) a eficiência da utilização da metionina. A eficiência de utilização dos aminoácidos sulfurados foi afetada (p < 0,01) a partir de 66% de suplementação de metionina nas dietas, em todos os níveis de FG.The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritive value of pigeon pea meal (PPM) with methionine substituting soybean meal (SM) in diets for 1-28 day-old broiler chicks. The experimental design was that of random blocks, in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme with three substitution levels - 15, 30 and 45% - and three methionine supplementation levels in relation to the requirements, that is: 100, 66 and 33%, with four repetitions. It was found that PPM treated for 20 minutes at 100°C substituted up to 30% of the SM, even without methionine supplementation, in relation to liveweight (p < 0.01), to food conversion and to the efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy and to protein (p < 0.05). At the 66% level of methionine supplementation, the same results as for these parameters were obtained at all of the levels of substitution of SM by PPM. The 30% or 45% substitution of SM protein by that of PPM affected (p < 0.01) the efficiency of methionine utilization. The sulphur amino acid utilization efficiency was affected (p < 0.01) beginning at 66% methionine supplementation in the diets

Modelo teórico e experimental da reciclagem do Carbono-13 em tecidos de mamíferos e aves

A diferença entre fontes alimentares da ordem de 14, originárias de plantas com ciclos fotossintéticos Carbono-3 (C3) e Carbono-4 (C4) e seus subprodutos, abre novas perspectivas para o estudo do metabolismo do carbono em aves e animais de pequeno porte. Os autores propõem um modelo teórico e experimental capaz de exprimir os resultados de enriquecimento relativo, delta per mil (delta) da razão 13C/12C versus tempo em diferentes tecidos. Utilizou-se a equação y(t) = (y0 -- q/k) e-kt + q/k onde, y(t) é a concentração isotópica no tempo desejado, y0 a concentração isotópica inicial existente no tecido, k é uma constante de troca isotópica com unidade 1/tempo, t é unidade de tempo e q é a taxa de entrada de metabólitos que contém carbono, com valores de delta/tempo. Para fígado de galinhas que tiveram a ração de ciclo fotossintético C4 substituída por dieta C3 obteve-se a equação delta13C = -24,74 + 12,37 e-0.237(nT), com meia-vida (T) de 2,9 dias. O patamar de equilíbrio de substituição do carbono foi alcançado em --24,48, de modo que praticamente 98,4% do conteúdo isotópico do C4 no fígado foi substituído por C3 após 5,6 meias-vidas. O modelo foi adequado para determinar o tempo de reciclagem total ou parcial da concentração de carbono nos tecidos em estudo.Food source differences of about 14 from plants with carbon-3 (C3) and carbon-4 (C4) photosynthetic cycles and their derived products make carbon metabolism studies possible in birds and small mammals. The authors suggest a theorical and experimental model for determining the relative enrichment results, delta per thousand (delta) of the 13C/12C ratio as a function of time for different tissues. The following equation was used: y(t) = (y0 -- q/k) e-kt + q/k where, y(t) is the isotopic concentration at time t, y0 is the initial isotopic concentration in the tissue, k is the turnover constant expressed in 1/time, and q is the input of metabolites which contain carbon expressed in delta/time. The equation below was obtained from the analysis of hen livers, the carbon-4 photosynthetic cycle ration of which was switched to a carbon-3 diet: delta13C = -24.74 + 12.37 e-0.237(nT) with 2.9 day half-life. The carbon switching steady-state was reached at --24.48 so that nearly 98.4% of the C4 isotopic content in the liver was replaced by C3 after 5.6 half-lives. The proposed model is suitable to determine the partial or entire turnover of carbon concentration in some selected tissues

Glutamina na dieta de poedeiras leves submetidas ao estresse pelo calor e à termoneutralidade

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of glutamine supplementation of the diet on intestinal mucosa morphology, performance, and egg quality of commercial laying hens, submitted to heat stress and thermoneutral conditions. In this study, 96 (Isa Babcock) laying hens at 35 weeks of age were used and distributed in a completely randomized design according to a 2x2 factorial arrangement, with two levels of ambient temperature (thermoneutral and hot) and two levels of glutamine in the diet (0.0 and 1.0% of inclusion), in 6 replicates of 4 hens per box. Feed intake, daily egg production, feed conversion per kilogram of eggs, and egg quality were obtained in two periods of 28 days each. Heat stress decreased egg production and quality, and glutamine supplementation improved egg quality and feed conversion. The heat and glutamine supplementation provided an increase in calliciform cells quantity in duodenum and ileum, respectively. Significant morphological modifications in the intestinal mucosa of laying hens were not found.Com este trabalho objetivou-se verificar o efeito da suplementação com glutamina na dieta sobre a morfologia da mucosa intestinal, o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos de poedeiras comerciais leves, submetidas a condições de estresse pelo calor e termoneutralidade. Foram utilizadas 96 poedeiras da linhagem Isa Babcok, com 35 semanas de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial 2x2, com duas temperaturas ambientes (termoneutra e quente) e 2 níveis de glutamina na dieta (0,0 e 1,0% de inclusão), com seis repetições de quatro aves por tratamento. O consumo de ração, produção diária de ovos, peso e massa de ovos, conversão alimentar por quilograma de ovos e qualidade dos ovos foram obtidos em dois períodos de 28 dias. Ao final do experimento foram abatidas quatro aves/tratamento para avaliação do peso de órgãos e morfologia intestinal. O estresse pelo calor diminuiu o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos e a suplementação com glutamina melhorou a qualidade dos ovos e a conversão alimentar. O calor promoveu aumento na quantidade de células caliciformes no duodeno, enquanto a suplementação com glutamina provocou esse aumento no íleo. Não foram encontradas modificações morfológicas representativas na mucosa intestinal das poedeiras

Analysis of metabolic pools in broilers chicks

This paper shows the possibility of obtaining new parameters for the mathematical modelling of data on stable isotopes in biological systems and its application in obtaining data on metabolic pools of blood plasma, blood serum, liver and muscle of broilers. This theory states that the modelling of turnover used for studies of isotopic incorporation when the metabolism has a single metabolic pool is feasible by the technique of setting an exponential. However, when the metabolism has more than one metabolic pool, it is necessary to apply the linearization technique, linear regression adjustment and evaluation of the assumptions of regression to obtain the kinetic parameters such as half-life (T1/2) and isotope exchange rate (k). The application of this technique on carbon-13 data from 100 one-day-old chicks, with the change of diet composed of grains of the photosynthetic cycle of plants from C4 to C3, in broilers has enabled the discovery that the liver, blood plasma and blood serum have a single metabolic pool; however, the pectoral muscle has two metabolic pools. For the liver, blood plasma and blood serum, the half-life values were found by the exponential fit being T1/2 = 1.4 days with the rate of exchange of k = 0.502, T1/2 = 2.4 days with k = 0.293 and T1/2 = 2.0 days with k = 0.348, respectively. For the pectoral muscle, after linearization, the half-life values were found for T1/2(1) = 1.7 and T1/2(2) = 3 days, with exchange rates of k1 = 0.405 and k2 = 0.235, representing approximately 66 and 34 %, respectively

Effects of arginine and phytogenic additive supplementation on performance and health of brown-egg layers

ABSTRACT This study was performed to evaluate the effects of the association of different digestible arginine and phytogenic additive dietary levels on performance and health status of brown-egg layers. In this study, a total of 504 33-week-old Hisex Brown layers were distributed into a completely randomized experimental design to a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement (dietary digestible arginine levels: 880, 968, 1056, or 1144 mg/kg of feed × phytogenic additive levels: 0, 100, and 200 mg/kg of feed) with six replicate cages of seven birds per cage. The phytogenic additive was composed of extracts of Baccharis dracunculifolia (40%), Astragalus membranaceus lipopolysaccharides (20%), cinnamon, and grape seed (20%). Feed intake was reduced when diets containing 1056 mg of arginine were supplemented with 100 or 200 mg phytogenic additive per kg. Feed conversion ratio was improved when diets were supplemented with 100 mg of phytogenic additive or with 1056 mg of arginine per kg of feed. Egg mass was increased when diets were supplemented with 1056 mg arginine per kg of feed. Arginine supplementation quadratically increased albumen percentage and reduced yolk percentage. Higher arginine and phytogenic additive levels reduced heterophyl:lymphocyte ratio and blood uric acid, total cholesterol, very-low density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels. Dietary supplementation of 100 mg of phytogenic additive associated with high arginine levels increased nitric oxide production by peritoneal macrophages and 1056 mg of arginine increased antibodies titers against Newcastle disease virus. Blood and intestinal malonaldehyde levels were reduced when 200 mg of the phytogenic additive was added. Dietary supplementation of 968 mg of arginine or 100 mg of a phytogenic additive (40% Baccharis dracunculifolia, 20% Astragalus membranaceus, 20% cinnamon, and 20% grape seed extracts) per kilogram of diet improves the feed conversion ratio and associated inclusion of 1144 mg of arginine and 100 mg of phytogenic additive per kilogram of diet improves immune responses and health status of brown-egg layers