HIFU Transducers Designs and Ultrasonic Treatment Methods for Biological Tissues

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for ultrasonic treatment of biological tissues, particularly, for hemostasis of deep arterial bleeding. The results of designing, modeling and evaluation of an ultrasound applicator capable of creating thermal lesions in the arterial vessels were presented. New effective HIFU transducers designs and ultrasonic methods for stopping deep arterial bleeding were developed and estimated. Mathematical modeling of the HIFU transducers and acoustic fields were performed. The experiments were made on acoustic vascular phantoms as well as on lamb’s femoral artery at a standard protocol. During ultrasound exposure, arterial blood flow was temporarily stopped using intravascular balloon. Postponed hemostasis was observed at lamb’s femoral artery experiments for all HIFU treatments. It was demonstrated that HIFU can be used to stop active bleeding from vascular injuries including punctures and lacerations. The results of theoretical modeling, acoustic measurements, and in vivo vascular experiments prove the efficacy, safety and selectivity of developed HIFU transducers and methods used for enhancing of tissue lysis and hemostasis

Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age.

The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely used measure of a core facet of the positive body image construct. However, extant research concerning measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across a large number of nations remains limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset - with data collected between 2020 and 2022 - to assess measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that full scalar invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional BAS-2 model has widespread applicability. There were large differences across nations and languages in latent body appreciation, while differences across gender identities and age groups were negligible-to-small. Additionally, greater body appreciation was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction, being single (versus being married or in a committed relationship), and greater rurality (versus urbanicity). Across a subset of nations where nation-level data were available, greater body appreciation was also significantly associated with greater cultural distance from the United States and greater relative income inequality. These findings suggest that the BAS-2 likely captures a near-universal conceptualisation of the body appreciation construct, which should facilitate further cross-cultural research. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

Analysis of 273 ancient horse genomes reveals that modern domestic horses originated in the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region.Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare(1). However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling(2-4) at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc(3). Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia(5) and Anatolia(6), have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association(7) between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc(8,9) driving the spread of Indo-European languages(10). This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture(11,12).Descriptive and Comparative Linguistic

The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia and Anatolia, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc driving the spread of Indo-European languages. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture

Investigating the epidemical infectious diseases by the example of HIV

© 2020, Advanced Scientific Research. All rights reserved. In this paper, we analyzed the data of the state reports of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor) “On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of the Russian Federation”, the Administration of Rospotrebnadzor in the Republic of Mari El, “On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of the Republic of Mari El”, the forms of the federal state statistical observation No.8 “Information about active tuberculosis”, No.33 “Information about patients with tuberculosis” and No.61 “Information about the contingents of patients with HIV infection” for the period 2012-2017. In the present study, the methods of epidemiological analysis and generally accepted methods of variation statistics were used. It was established, that there was a decrease in the incidence of tuberculosis in the Russian Federation (in 2012-67.7; in 2017-48.09 per 100 thousand of the population, respectively; trend-28.9%) and in the Republic of Mari El (in 2012-67.3; in 2017-50, 4 per 100 thousand of the population, respectively; tendency-60.8%). The vaccination coverage with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin remained stable in the Russian Federation during the period 2012-2017 (in 2012-96%; in 2017-95%). So, for the analyzed period in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Mari El there was a favorable sanitary and epidemiological situation for such a socially significant infectious disease as tuberculosis

Investigating the epidemiological features of tuberculosis in the Republic of Tatarstan and the Russian Federation

© 2020, Advanced Scientific Research. All rights reserved. This study aims to present the results of an epidemiological analysis of the current situation associated with the epidemic process of tuberculosis in the Republic of Tatarstan and the Russian Federation for the period of 2012-2017. This paper provides insights into the incidence among the general population and among children aged 0–14 years, coverage of neonatal tuberculosis with immunization, photoroentgenography examination, and tuberculosis mortality for the period of 2012–2017. The information obtained in the course of the study indicates the relevance of the studied socially significant infectious disease, taking into account the clinical and epidemiological features of this pathology. In this paper, we analyzed data from the state reports of Rospotrebnadzor "On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of the Russian Federation", the Office of Rospotrebnadzor for the Republic of Tatarstan "On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan", the data forms of federal state statistical observation No. 8 "Information about active tuberculosis diseases” and No. 33 “Information about patients with tuberculosis” for the period of 2012-2017. In this study, the methods of epidemiological analysis and generally accepted methods of variation statistics were used. It was established that a decrease in the incidence of tuberculosis by 28.9% among the total population is registered in the Russian Federation (2012-67.7; 2017-48.09 per 100 thousand of the population, respectively). A similar trend is observed in the Republic of Tatarstan. Thus, during the analyzed period, a decrease in the incidence rate of the infectious disease under study is observed by 28.2% (from 47.1 per 100 thousand of the population in 2012 to 33.79 per 100 thousand of the population in 2017). For the period of 2012-2017, the vaccination coverage of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin remains stable (2012-96%; 2017-95%) in the Russian Federation, the coverage of preventive vaccinations against tuberculosis among the population of the Republic of Tatarstan is at least 95%. During the analyzed period, a favorable sanitary and epidemiological situation for such a socially significant infectious disease as tuberculosis should be characterized as favorable in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan

Analytical and numerical study of travelling waves using the Maxwell-Cattaneo relaxation model extended to reaction-advection-diffusion systems

International audienceWithin the framework of the Maxwell-Cattaneo relaxation model extended to reaction-diffusion systems with nonlinear advection, travelling wave (TW) solutions are analytically investigated by studying a normalized reaction-telegraph equation in the case of the reaction and advection terms described by quadratic functions. The problem involves two governing parameters: (i) a ratio φ2 of the relaxation time in the Maxwell-Cattaneo model to the characteristic time scale of the reaction term, and (ii) the normalized magnitude N of the advection term. By linearizing the equation at the leading edge of the TW, (i) necessary conditions for the existence of TW solutions that are smooth in the entire interval of −∞φ−φ−1 does not hold, e.g., if the magnitude N of the nonlinear advection is insufficiently high in the case of φ2>1, then, the studied equation admits piecewise smooth TW solutions with sharp leading fronts that propagate at the maximal speed φ−1, with the substance concentration or its spatial derivative jumping at the front. An increase in N can make the solution smooth in the entire spatial domain. Moreover, an explicit TW solution to the considered equation is found provided that N>φ. Subsequently, by invoking a principle of the maximal decay rate of TW solution at its leading edge, relevant TW solutions are selected in a domain of (φ,N) that admits the smooth TWs. Application of this principle to the studied problem yields transition from pulled (propagation speed is controlled by the TW leading edge) to pushed (propagation speed is controlled by the entire TW structure) TW solutions at N=Ncr=√(1+φ2), with the pulled (pushed) TW being relevant at smaller (larger) N. An increase in the normalized relaxation time φ2 results in increasing Ncr, thus promoting the pulled TW solutions. The domains of (φ,N) that admit either the smooth or piecewise smooth TWs are not overlapped and, therefore, the selection problem does not arise for these two types of solutions. All the aforementioned results and, in particular, the maximal-decay-rate principle or appearance of the piecewise smooth TW solutions, are validated by numerically solving the initial boundary value problem for the reaction-telegraph equation with natural initial conditions localized to a bounded spatial regio

Medical and social characteristics of hepatitis B and C

© 2020, Advanced Scientific Research. All rights reserved. This article aims to depict the features of the epidemiological situation associated with viral hepatitis B and C in the Republic of Tatarstan for 2013-2017. In this study Patients were assessed within in a categories of age group, presence/absence of work, forms of disease (acute, chronic); we also determined the levels of population coverage for laboratory screening for the presence/absence of viral hepatitis B and C. In this paper, we analyzed data from the state reports of Rospotrebnadzor "On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of the Russian Federation", the Office of Rospotrebnadzor for the Republic of Tatarstan "On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan", the data forms of federal state statistical observation No. 1, 2 "Information about infectious and parasitic diseases” for the period of 2013-2017. In this study, the methods of epidemiological analysis and generally accepted methods of variation statistics were used. In the course of this work, it was found that there is a 1.6-fold decrease in the incidence of acute hepatitis B from 0.5 per 100 thousand of the population in 2013 to 0.3 per 100 thousand of the population in 2017 in the Republic of Tatarstan. For the studied period, chronic forms of the disease dominate in the structure of nosological forms (more than 80%). Among all the registered cases of acute viral hepatitis B and C, the main contingent of patients included the persons without a certain place of work. In 2013-2017, the age structure of the incidence of acute hepatitis C prevailed among people aged 18–29 years old in the Republic of Tatarstan. There is a tendency to a decrease in the incidence rate of initially detected chronic viral hepatitis B by 1.4 times from 9 per 100 thousand of the population in 2013 to 6.2 per 100 thousand of the population in 2017 for the years studied in the Republic of Tatarstan. During the analyzed period in the Republic of Tatarstan, the sanitary-epidemiological situation associated with blood-borne hepatitis B and C can be described as favorable