Fluid migrations and volcanic earthquakes from depolarized ambient noise

Ambient noise polarizes inside fault zones, yet the spatial and temporal resolution of polarized noise on gas-bearing fluids migrating through stressed volcanic systems is unknown. Here we show that high polarization marks a transfer structure connecting the deforming centre of the caldera to open hydrothermal vents and extensional caldera-bounding faults during periods of low seismic release at Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy). Fluids pressurize the Campi Flegrei hydrothermal system, migrate, and increase stress before earthquakes. The loss of polarization (depolarization) of the transfer and extensional structures maps pressurized fluids, detecting fluid migrations after seismic sequences. After recent intense seismicity (December 2019-April 2020), the transfer structure appears sealed while fluids stored in the east caldera have moved further east. Our findings show that depolarized noise has the potential to monitor fluid migrations and earthquakes at stressed volcanoes quasi-instantaneously and with minimum processing

On the link between global volcanic activity and global mean sea level

Studying a large number of volcanic eruptions is a way to decipher general characteristics related to volcano dynamics but also on external forcing influencing it, such as solid Earth and ocean tides. Many studies have tackled this tidal influence on the onset of volcanic eruptions and more generally, on volcanic activity. However, the interplay between this quasi-permanent forcing and volcanic systems is still poorly understood. With the present study, we propose to consider a global viewpoint to address this interaction. We analyzed the number of monthly volcanic eruptions and the global mean sea level between 1880 and 2009 using the Singular Spectrum Analysis time-series analysis technique to evaluate the existence of common periodicities. We found multi-decadal components of similar periodicities present in both time-series which we link to those already recognized in the polar motion. Its multi-decadal variations result in a mass reorganization in the oceans whose associated stress changes may impact processes generating volcanic eruptions worldwide. Our results show the influence of global processes on volcanic activity and open many questions to further investigate these multi-scale interactions.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Spectral analysis of ground thermal image temperatures: what we are learning at Solfatara volcano (Italy)

Abstract. The Solfatara volcano in the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy), is monitored by different, permanent ground networks handled by INGV (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia), including thermal infrared cameras (TIRNet). The TIRNet network is composed by five stations equipped with FLIR A645SC or A655SC thermal cameras acquiring at nightime infrared scenes of portions of the Solfatara area characterized by significant thermal anomalies. The dataset processed in this work consists of daily maximum temperatures time-series from 25 April 2014 to 31 May 2019, acquired by three TIRNet stations (SF1 and SF2 inside Solfatara crater, and PIS near Pisciarelli boiling mud pool), and also consists of atmospheric pressure and air temperature time-series. Data pre-processing was carried out in order to remove the seasonal components and the influence of the Earth tides to the selected time-series. By using the STL algorithm (Seasonal Decomposition of Time Series by Loess), the time-series were decomposed into three components (seasonal, trend and remainder) to find seasonality and remove it. Then, a harmonic analysis was performed on the de-seasonalized signals in order to identify and remove the long-period tidal constituents (mainly fortnightly and monthly). Finally, Power Spectral Density was calculated by FFT Matlab algorithm, after applying an acausal Butterworth filter, focusing on the [15–120] d band, to check if characteristic periodicities exist for each site. The reliability and significance of the spectral peaks were proved by statistical and empirical methods. We found that most of the residual periodicities are ascribable to ambient factors, while 18.16 d for Pisciarelli site and 88.71 d for Solfatara have a possible endogenous origin

Array and spectral ratio techniques applied to seismic noise to investigate the Campi Flegrei (Italy) subsoil structure at different scales

Abstract. The purpose of this work is to study the subsoil structure of the Campi Flegrei area using both spectral ratios and array techniques applied to seismic noise. We have estimated the dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves by applying the Frequency–Wavenumber (f–k hereinafter) and Modified Spatial Autocorrelation (MSPAC) techniques to the seismic noise recorded by the underground short period seismic Array "ARF", by the broadband stations of the UNREST experiment and by the broadband stations of the seismic monitoring network of INGV – Osservatorio Vesuviano. We have performed the inversion of a dispersion curve (obtained averaging the f–k and MSPAC dispersion curves of seismic noise and single phase velocity values of coherent transient signals) jointly with the H∕V spectral ratio of the broadband station CELG, to obtain a shear wave velocity model up to 2000 m depth. The best-fit model obtained is in a good agreement with the stratigraphic information available in the area coming from shallow boreholes and deep wells drilled for geothermal exploration. In active volcanic areas, such as Campi Flegrei, the definition of the velocity model is a crucial issue to characterize the physical parameters of the medium. Generally, a high quality characterization of the medium properties helps to separate the contributions of the volcanic source, path and site in the geophysical observables. Therefore, monitoring possible variations in time of such properties in general can help to recognize anomalies due to the volcano dynamics, i.e. fluid migration connected to the volcanic activity

Experimental study for evaluation of a suitable ground displacement monitoring system: Pilot hole Campi Flegrei Deep Drilling Project case

The paper presents an experimental study carried out in 2012 during the drilling activity for a pilot hole performed in the framework of the Campi Flegrei Deep Drilling Project. A monitoring network has been installed to test and choose a suitable ground deformation system for the subsequent deep drilling of about 3.5 km in the Campi Flegrei Caldera (Italy). We describe the seismic network installed to characterize the structure of the pilot hole area and the ground deformation monitoring system chosen for the small drilling area. Data analysis and results obtained indicate that Total Station is a suitable tool for this case.Published4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttiviN/A or not JC

Preliminary analysis of site effects in the Ischia island: new insights from md 4.0 earthquake of 21 august 2017 and seismic noise data

On August 21, 2017, at 18:57 UTC, an earthquake of MD 4.0 occurred in Casamicciola, district of Ischia island. The damage caused by the earthquake was massive, with two victims and several buildings collapsed, and circumscribed to the areas of uptown Casamicciola, particularly in the Piazza Maio-La Rita area, and in a small area, called Fango, in Lacco Ameno. Medium and minor damages occurred in Piazza Bagni, in the area around the town hall of Casamicciola and in the Sentinella area. Even assuming the poor quality constructions and/or not in compliance with the anti-seismic regulations, such a level of damage has induced the scientific community to analyse the effects of local site amplifications, that usually are not negligible in volcanic areas. As a matter of fact the seismic station IOCA, located very close to the high damage areas, recorded a peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 2.6 m/s2. This paper is aimed to study the possible site amplification in the areas heavily affected by the August 21 earthquake in order to better understand the causes of these macroseismic effects and high damage levels already observed in the past.PublishedCentro Congressi della Stazione Marittima, Trieste, Italy6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischi

The Borehole Experiment: Investigation of Cortical Structures Through 3D Array Techniques

Over the last few years it is growing the need to monitor the volcanic activity with modern technology in order to mitigate volcanic hazard through the detection of any possible precursor phenomena. The use of high performance seismic stations, such as borehole instruments, may increase the signal to noise ratio (SNR), improving the capability to detect very small signals. Over the past 40 years much attention has been given to the use of seismic arrays to measure the slowness vector of coherent signals. The main advantage of seismic arrays consists in their ability to detect weak or emergent signals, and to allow for an effective noise reduction through multichannel waveform stacking. A reliable prediction of the ray-path back-propagated from the recording site to the source is strongly limited by the poor knowledge of the local shallow velocity structure. Usually in volcanic environments the propagation of seismic signals through the shallow layers is strongly affected by lateral heterogeneity, attenuation, scattering, and interaction with the free surface. Driven by these motivations, on May 2014, in collaboration with the colleagues of Osservatorio Vesuviano (INGV), we deployed a 3D seismic array in the area where the borehole seismic station called Pozzo Pitarrone is installed at a depth of about 130 meters. This will improve our knowledge about: • the structure of the top layer and its relationship with geology; • analysis of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of volcanic signals as a function of frequency; • study of seismic ray-path deformation caused by the interaction of the seismic waves with the free surface; • evaluation of the attenuation of the seismic signals correlated with the volcanic activity. The results of these analyses will improve the general knowledge of wave propagation in the shallow layers and will give a new contribution to the seismic monitoring of Etna volcano.PublishedNicolosi (Catania), Italy1T. Struttura della Terr

Il monitoraggio sismico dei vulcani attivi della Campania: rete sismica ed analisi dei dati. (Luglio-Dicembre 2001

La Rete Sismica dell’Osservatorio Vesuviano (RSOV) è una rete regionale costituita da stazioni sismiche analogiche a corto periodo e stazioni digitali a larga banda con trasmissione continua dei segnali al Centro di Acquisizione (Fig. 1). La Rete è progettata per il monitoraggio delle aree vulcaniche attive della Campania (Vesuvio, Campi Flegrei, Ischia) e fornisce informazioni relative alla sismicità a scala regionale rilevata dalla Rete Sismica Nazionale Centralizzata (INGV – Centro Nazionale per il Monitoraggio della Sismicità). Il miglioramento e la standardizzazione della Rete iniziato nella prima metà del 2000 è continuato nel 2001 con la ristrutturazione di alcune stazioni (SFT, HR9, OTV, SSB, SMC, SOR) e la conversione a tre componenti di due stazioni dell’area vesuviana (BKE e CPV). Particolare attenzione è stata posta nel miglioramento dell’accoppiamento sismometrobasamento al fine di migliorare il rapporto segnale-rumore, comunque elevato a quasi tutte le stazioni a causa dell’alto grado di urbanizzazione delle aree monitorate. E’ stata completata, inoltre, la ristrutturazione del Ponte Radio Centralizzato posto presso la sede di Via Manzoni. Questa operazione ha comportato la sostituzione di tutti gli apparati radio riceventi, obsoleti o inadeguati, e la ridistribuzione del sistema delle antenne di ricezione. Futuri miglioramenti ed espansioni della Rete sono inseriti nel Piano Triennale delle attività dell’I.N.G.V. e prevedono la conversione in larga banda di alcune stazioni analogiche e la ridondanza dei sistemi di trasmissione (telemetria UHF e telefonica digitale) per garantire la continuità dell’acquisizione dei segnali.INGV Sezione di NApoli "Osservatorio Vesuviano"Published1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianz

Il monitoraggio sismico dei vulcani attivi della Campania: rete sismica ed analisi dei dati

La Rete Sismica dell’Osservatorio Vesuviano (RSOV) è una rete regionale costituita da stazioni sismiche analogiche a corto periodo e stazioni digitali a larga banda con trasmissione continua dei segnali al Centro di Acquisizione (figura 1). La Rete è progettata per il monitoraggio delle aree vulcaniche attive della Campania (Vesuvio, Campi Flegrei, Ischia) e fornisce informazioni relative alla sismicità a scala regionale in collaborazione con la Rete Sismica Nazionale Centralizzata (INGV – Centro Nazionale per il Monitoraggio della Sismicità). Il miglioramento e la standardizzazione della Rete iniziato nella prima metà del 2000 è continuato nell’anno in corso con la ristrutturazione di alcune stazioni (SFT, HR9, OTV, SSB, SMC) e la conversione a tre componenti di due stazioni dell’area vesuviana (BKE e CPV). Particolare attenzione è stata posta nel miglioramento dell’accoppiamento sismometrobasamento al fine di migliorare il rapporto segnale-rumore; il rumore di fondo rimane comunque elevato a quasi tutte le stazioni a causa dell’alto grado di urbanizzazione delle aree monitorate. E’ stata completata, inoltre, la ristrutturazione del Ponte Radio Centralizzato posto presso la sede di Via Manzoni. Questa operazione ha comportato la sostituzione di tutti gli apparati radio riceventi, obsoleti o inadeguati, e la ridistribuzione del sistema delle antenne di ricezione. Futuri miglioramenti ed espansioni della Rete sono inseriti nel Piano Triennale delle attività dell’I.N.G.V. e prevedono la conversione in larga banda di alcune stazioni analogiche e la ridondanza dei sistemi di trasmissione (telemetria UHF e satellitare) per garantire la continuità dell’acquisizione dei segnali.INGV Sezione di Napoli "Osservatorio Vesuviano"Published1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianz

Rendiconto di sorveglianza sismica anno 2002

La Rete Sismica dell’Osservatorio Vesuviano (RSOV) è una rete regionale costituita da stazioni sismiche analogiche a corto periodo e stazioni digitali a larga banda con trasmissione continua dei segnali al Centro di Acquisizione (fig. 1). La rete è progettata per il monitoraggio delle aree vulcaniche attive della Campania (Vesuvio, Campi Flegrei, Ischia) e fornisce informazioni relative alla sismicità a scala regionale rilevata dalla Rete Sismica Nazionale Centralizzata (INGV – Centro Nazionale per il Monitoraggio della Sismicità). Il miglioramento e la standardizzazione della rete iniziato nella prima metà del 2000 è continuato nel 2002. In particolare è stata effettuata l'installazione di adeguate protezioni elettriche per proteggere la strumentazione da sovratensioni e scariche atmosferiche. Futuri miglioramenti ed espansioni della rete sono inseriti nel piano triennale delle attività dell’I.N.G.V. e prevedono la conversione in larga banda di alcune stazioni analogiche e la ridondanza dei sistemi di trasmissione (telemetria UHF e telefonica digitale) per garantire la continuità dell’acquisizione dei segnali.INGV Sezione di NApoli "Osservatorio Vesuviano"Published1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianz