Division of labor, specialization and diversity in the ancient Roman cities: A quantitative approach to Latin epigraphy

Recent empirical studies on the division of labor in modern cities indicate a complex web of relationships between sectoral specialization of cities and their productivity on one hand and sectoral diversification and resilience on the other. Emerging scholarly consensus suggests that ancient urbanism has more in common with modern urban development than previously thought. We explore whether modern trends in urban division of labor apply to the cities of the Western Roman Empire from the first century BCE to the fourth century CE. We analyze occupational data extracted from a large body of Latin epigraphic evidence by computer-assisted text-mining, subsequently mapped onto a dataset of ancient Roman cities. We detect a higher frequency of occupation terms on inscriptions from cities led by Rome than from rural areas and identify an accumulation of tertiary sector occupations in large cities. The temporal dimension of epigraphic data allows us to study aspects of the division of labor diachronically and to detect trends in the data in a four centuries-long period of Roman imperial history. Our analyses reveal an overall decrease in the frequency of occupational terms between the first half and second half of the third century CE; the maximum frequency of occupational terms shifts over time from large cities to medium and small towns, and finally, rural areas. Our results regarding the specialization and diversity of cities and their respective impact on productivity and resilience remain inconclusive, possibly as a result of the socio-economic bias of Latin inscriptions and insufficient representativeness of the data. Yet, we believe that our formalized approach to the research problem opens up new avenues for research, both in respect to the economic history of the Roman Empire and to the current trends in the science of cities

Classifying Latin Inscriptions of the Roman Empire: A Machine-Learning Approach

Large-scale synthetic research in ancient history is often hindered by the incompatibility of tax- onomies used by different digital datasets. Using the example of enriching the Latin Inscriptions from the Roman Empire dataset (LIRE), we demonstrate that machine-learning classification mod- els can bridge the gap between two distinct classification systems and make comparative study possible. We report on training, testing and application of a machine learning classification model using inscription categories from the Epigraphic Database Heidelberg (EDH) to label inscriptions from the Epigraphic Database Claus-Slaby (EDCS). The model is trained on a labeled set of records included in both sources (N=46,171). Several different classification algorithms and parametriza- tions are explored. The final model is based on Extremely Randomized Trees algorithm (ET) and employs 10,055 features, based on several attributes. The final model classifies two thirds of a test dataset with 98% accuracy and 85% of it with 95% accuracy. After model selection and evaluation, we apply the model on inscriptions covered exclusively by EDCS (N=83,482) in an attempt to adopt one consistent system of classification for all records within the LIRE dataset

Místo rituálů v současné rodině

Katedra psychologieFilozofická fakult

Terminology problems in myofascial trigger points concept

Title: Terminology problems in myofascial trigger points concept Objectives: The main aim of this work is to organize information in the field of myofascial pain syndrome and myofascial trigger points, and to show unclearness in using terminology. Another aim is to describe trigger points from the view of the etiology, the diagnosis and the therapy. Subsidiary aim is to evaluate the relation among trigger points, tender points and acupuncture points. Methods: Design review was used in this thesis. Data was captured on the base of self studying available sources. Collecting available information from databases specialized in medicine and complementary medicine. Results: The presentation of myofascial pain syndrome and myofascial trigger points data obtained from available sources. Introducing these information in terms of terminology, etiology, diagnosis and therapy as well as a brief evaluation of relation among myofascial trigger points, tender points and acupuncture points. Keywords: myofascial trigger point, tender point, acupuncture point, myofascial pain syndrome, acupuncture, dry needle, needling

The physioterapy after osteosynthesis of calcaneus bone with algoneurodystrophic syndrom

FyzioterapieFakulta tělesné výchovy a sportuFaculty of Physical Education and Spor

Terminology problems in myofascial trigger points concept

Title: Terminology problems in myofascial trigger points concept Objectives: The main aim of this work is to organize information in the field of myofascial pain syndrome and myofascial trigger points, and to show unclearness in using terminology. Another aim is to describe trigger points from the view of the etiology, the diagnosis and the therapy. Subsidiary aim is to evaluate the relation among trigger points, tender points and acupuncture points. Methods: Design review was used in this thesis. Data was captured on the base of self studying available sources. Collecting available information from databases specialized in medicine and complementary medicine. Results: The presentation of myofascial pain syndrome and myofascial trigger points data obtained from available sources. Introducing these information in terms of terminology, etiology, diagnosis and therapy as well as a brief evaluation of relation among myofascial trigger points, tender points and acupuncture points. Keywords: myofascial trigger point, tender point, acupuncture point, myofascial pain syndrome, acupuncture, dry needle, needling

Formative Assessment in Science Education in ISCED 2 and 3

My diploma thesis focuses on formative assessment of natural sciences, such as Biology and Chemistry on the ISCED 2 and 3 level. The aim of the work is to introduce formative assessment as such and to present designs of materials and activities for formative evaluation development in natural sciences. The theoretical part examines the school assessment matter. It describes a formative assessment in detail including assessing methods and techniques. The aim of the empirical part was to map materials for formative assessment development in the school subjects of Biology and Chemistry. Moreover, all the materials were tested in practice. Another goal was to identify what was the effect of using the new methods of formative assessment in the school. It also explores the possibility of students attitude change in learning and whether it successfully affected their performance in the subjects. The research method used in the work was action research which was conducted in the author's teaching. Interviews in focus groups in third year of four-year academy and fifth year of eighth-year academy at a private grammar school were used for the collection of data. The research findings show that using methods such as feedback, peer evaluation and evaluation according to defined criteria in Biology and Chemistry..

Bird territory Jaroslavické rybníky and it's use in natural history class

The main theme of my bachelor's thesis is about Bird territory Jaroslavické rybníky, and itś use in natural history class. The work is divided to two parts - theoretical and practical. At the beginning of the theoretical part, I am describing Znojmo district where Jaroslavické rybníky are found. In chapter two I am clarifying ecological concepts, which needs to be known for the following chapter about pond ecosystem and its importance in the nature. The fifth part of my work is about history of fish breeding in Morava, because ponds are often associated with it. Sixth chapter is focused on history of Jaroslavické rybníky, and the following chapter describes bird region Jaroslavické rybníky. Second, pracitical part of the thesis includes suggestions for landscaping practise and work lists associated to them. The lists comprise ecology, zoology and botany. These field exercises are designed for Javorické rybníky and their surroundings. Worksheets are intended primaly for students of second stage of elementary schools, or can be eventually used for repetition of basic knowledge of biology for students of high school. This bachelor thesis is meant to be an inspiration and source of information not only for teachers, but for all who are interested in nature and biology

Syntactic and Discursive Functions of the Pronoun "se" in Spanish Sentences

The concern of the thesis is a pronoun "se" in Spanish language. In the theoretical part the use of ?se? is explained. The theoretical part deals with this issue from different points of view ? grammars written in Spanish language, grammars written in Czech language and textbooks written in Czech and Spanish language as well. The theoretical part ends up with the summary of these resources. Then the practical part follows, where the reached findings are applied on analysis of Spanish sentences.For the analysis texts of three functional styles were use. These were the belles, journalistic functional style and proffesional functional style. The conclusion summarizes given results

LIST

<p>The <em>Latin Inscriptions in Space and Time</em> (LIST) dataset is an aggregate of the Epigraphic Database Heidelberg (<a href="https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/">https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/</a>); <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7303886">aggregated EDH on Zenodo</a> and Epigraphic Database Clauss Slaby (<a href="http://www.manfredclauss.de/">http://www.manfredclauss.de/</a>); <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7072337">aggregated EDCS on Zenodo</a> epigraphic datasets created by the <strong>Social Dynamics in the Ancient Mediterranean Project</strong> (SDAM), 2019-2023, funded by the Aarhus University Forskningsfond Starting grant no. AUFF-E-2018-7-2. The LIST dataset consists of 525,870 inscriptions, enriched by 65 attributes. 77,091 inscriptions are overlapping between the two source datasets (i.e. EDH and EDCS); 3,316 inscriptions are exclusively from EDH; 445,463 inscriptions are exclusively from EDCS. 511,973 inscriptions have valid geospatial coordinates (the <code>geometry</code> attribute). This information is also used to determine the urban context of each inscription (i.e. whether it is in the neighbourhood (i.e. within a 5000m buffer) of a large city, medium city, or small city or rural (>5000m to any type of city; see the attributes <code>urban_context</code>, <code>urban_context_city</code>, and <code>urban_context_pop</code>). 206,570 inscriptions have a numerical date of origin expressed by means of an interval or singular year using the attributes <code>not_before</code> and <code>not_after</code>. The dataset also employs a machine learning model to classify the inscriptions covered exclusively by EDCS in terms of 22 categories employed by EDH, see <a href="https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2989/short_paper12.pdf">Kaše, Heřmánková, Sobotkova 2021</a>.</p> <p><strong>Formats</strong></p> <p>We publish the dataset in the parquet and geojson file format. A description of individual attributes is available in the Metadata.csv. Using <code>geopandas</code> library, you can load the data directly from Zenodo into your Python environment using the following command: <code>LIST = gpd.read_parquet("</code>https://zenodo.org/record/8431323/files/LIST_v1-0.parquet?download=1"<code>)</code>. In R, the sfarrow and sf library hold tools (st_read_parquet(), read_sf()) to load a parquet and geojson respectively after you have downloaded the datasets locally. The scripts used to generate the dataset are available via GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/sdam-au/LI_ETL">https://github.com/sdam-au/LI_ETL</a></p> <p>The origin of existing attributes is further described in columns ‘dataset_source’, ‘source’, and ‘description’ in the attached Metadata.csv.</p> <p><strong>Further reading on the dataset creation and methodology:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Heřmánková, Petra, Vojtěch Kaše, and Adéla Sobotkova. “Inscriptions as Data: Digital Epigraphy in Macro-Historical Perspective.” Journal of Digital History 1, no. 1 (2021): 99. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/jdh-2021-1004">https://doi.org/10.1515/jdh-2021-1004</a>.</li> <li>Kaše, Vojtěch, Petra Heřmánková, and Adéla Sobotkova. “Classifying Latin Inscriptions of the Roman Empire: A Machine-Learning Approach.” Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Humanities Research (CHR2021) 2989 (2021): 123–35.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Reading on applications of the datasets in research:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Glomb, Tomáš, Vojtěch Kaše, and Petra Heřmánková. “Popularity of the Cult of Asclepius in the Times of the Antonine Plague: Temporal Modeling of Epigraphic Evidence.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 43 (2022): 103466. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103466">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103466</a>.</li> <li>Kaše, Vojtěch, Petra Heřmánková, and Adéla Sobotková. “Division of Labor, Specialization and Diversity in the Ancient Roman Cities: A Quantitative Approach to Latin Epigraphy.” Edited by Peter F. Biehl. PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 16, 2022): e0269869. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269869">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269869</a>.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Notes on spatial attributes</strong></p> <p>Machine-readable spatial point geometries are provided within the geojson and parquet formats, as well as ‘Latitude’ and ‘Longitude’ columns, which contain geospatial decimal coordinates where these are known. Additional attributes exist that contain textual references to original location at different scales. The most reliable attribute with textual information on place of origin is the urban_context_city. This contains the ancient toponym of the largest city within a 5 km distance from the inscription findspot, using cities from Hanson’s 2016 list. After these universal attributes, the remaining columns are source-dependent, and exist only for either EDH or EDCS subsets. ‘pleiades_id’ column, for example, cross references the inscription findspot to geospatial location in the Pleiades but only in the EDH subset. ‘place’ attribute exists for data from EDCS (Ort) and contains ancient as well as modern place names referring to the findspot or region of provenance separated by “/”. This column requires additional cleaning before computational analysis. Attributes with _clean affix indicate that the text string has been stripped of symbols (such as ?), and most refer to aspects of provenance in the EDH subset of inscriptions.</p> <p>List of all spatial attributes:</p> <ul> <li>‘geometry’ spatial point coordinate pair, ready for computational use in R or Python ‘latitude’ and ‘longitude’ attributes contain geospatial coordinates</li> <li>‘urban_context_city’ attribute contains a name (ancient toponym) of the city determining the urban context, based on Hanson 2016.</li> <li>‘province’ attribute contains province names as they appear in EDCS. This attribute contains data only for inscriptions appearing in EDCS, for inscriptions appearing solely in EDH this attribute is empty.</li> <li>‘pleiades_id’ provides a referent for the geographic location in Pleiades (<a href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/">https://pleiades.stoa.org/</a>), provided by EDH. In EDCS this attribute is empty.</li> <li>‘province_label_clean’ attribute contains province names as they appear in EDH. This attribute contains data only for inscriptions appearing in EDH, for inscriptions appearing solely in EDCS this attribute is empty.</li> <li>‘findspot_ancient_clean’, ‘findspot_modern_clean’, ‘country_clean’, ‘modern_region_clean’, and ‘present_location’ are additional EDH metadata, for their description see the attached Metadata file.</li> </ul> <p><em>Disclaimer</em></p> <p>The original data is provided by the third party indicated as the data source (see the ‘data_source’ column in the Metadata.csv). SDAM did not create the original data, vouch for its accuracy, or guarantee that it is the most recent data available from the data provider. For many or all of the data, the data is by its nature approximate and will contain some inaccuracies or missing values. The data may contain errors introduced by the data provider(s) and/or by SDAM. We always recommend checking the accuracy directly in the primary source, i.e. the <em>editio princeps</em> of the inscription in question.</p&gt