Évaluation de l'organisation du pilotage et de la coordination du dispositif bruxellois de la Garantie pour la Jeunesse - Rapport Intermédiaire

Dans le cadre du cahier spécial des charges 2017CAB/CJ, le Cabinet Vervoort a demandé au centre de recherche Spiral (ULiège) d’évaluer l’organisation du pilotage et de la coordination de la Garantie pour la Jeunesse. L’objectif de ce rapport intermédiaire est de préciser l’état d’avancement de cette évaluation

Evaluation de l'organisation du pilotage et de la coordination du dispositif bruxellois de Garantie pour la Jeunesse - Rapport final

Ce rapport présente les résultats finaux de l'évaluation de l'organisation du pilotage et de la coordination du dispositif bruxellois de la Garantie pour la Jeunesse. Il aborde la politique évaluée, l'approche évaluative (questions évaluatives, aspects théoriques et méthodologiques), l'analyse des résultats issus d'une série d'entretiens et d'une enquête en ligne en deux tours utilisant Mesydel, les réponses aux questions évaluatives ainsi que les recommandations

Synthesis and conformational studies of short mixed γ/α-glycopeptides based on sugar γ 3,3 -amino acids

International audienceCarbohydrates bearing both amino and carboxylate groups could be useful for expanding the repertoire of monomers used for building foldamers. In this paper, we give a full account of the synthesis of small hybrid g/a-glycopeptides built with sugar g-amino acids and L-alanine. The g/a-glycopeptides obtained are the first featuring geminally b,b-disubstituted g-amino acids in which the b-carbon is the pseudo anomeric carbon of a sugar ring. Their conformational properties were studied by NMR and solution infrared spectroscopy, circular dichroism and molecular dynamics simulation

Évaluation du parcours d’intégration et du dispositif ISP dédiés aux primo-arrivants en Wallonie

Ce rapport d’évaluation présente les résultats de l’évaluation qualitative du Parcours d’Intégration (PI) et du dispositif d’Insertion Socio-Professionnelle (ISP) dédiés aux primo-arrivant.e.s en Région wallonne. Cette étude vise à répondre à quatre questions évaluatives relatives à l’impact des dispositifs en question sur l’intégration des primo-arrivant.e.s, à la manière dont ils répondent aux besoins des bénéficiaires, à leur cohérence et lisibilité et à leur harmonisation territoriale. L’approche adoptée consiste en une analyse de contribution des dispositifs évalués et se veut qualitative, transdisciplinaire, participative, et formative. Les principaux constats de cette évaluation sont les suivants : - Les trois axes d’intervention du dispositif (citoyenneté, FLE et ISP) répondent aux besoins des primo-arrivant.e.s dans trois aires fondamentales de la vie des individus. Néanmoins, les actions mises en œuvre n’amènent pas nécessairement à un changement de statut et certains besoins identifiés (les questions de logement et de santé mentale) n’y trouvent pas de réponse. - Les dispositifs s’appuient sur un ensemble d’opérateurs aux pratiques hétérogènes, ce qui peut complexifier les collaborations, impactant ainsi les primo-arrivant.e.s. - La disponibilité ou la compréhension des informations relatives au parcours, l’articulation entre les différentes formations et l’influence de facteurs externes réduisent la cohérence et la lisibilité des dispositifs évalués pour le public ciblé. - Entravent l’obtention des résultats envisagés : l’insuffisance des services d’interprétariat, la mise à mal de la motivation individuelle par le stress dû au menaces de sanctions, les contraintes au niveau des frais, le manque de cohérence entre les formations proposées/disponibles et les besoins, le niveau et les aspirations de la personne. - La lutte contre la discrimination, l’accessibilité au marché du travail et le capital social et culturel sont des éléments fortement contributifs à l’intégration des primo-arrivant.e.s, bien qu’insuffisamment pris en compte. Ces résultats mènent à une série de recommandations visant : le travail sur la société d’accueil, la définition de la politique publique et de ses objectifs, les modalités de mise en œuvre des dispositifs.Évaluation du parcours d’intégration et du dispositif ISP dédiés aux primo-arrivants en Walloni

Temporal dynamics of active Archaea in oxygen-depleted zones of two deep lakes

International audienceDeep lakes are of specific interest in the study of archaeal assemblages as chemical stratification in the water column allows niche differentiation and distinct community structure. Active archaeal community and potential nitrifiers were investigated monthly over 1 year by pyrosequencing 16S rRNA transcripts and genes, and by quantification of archaeal amoA genes in two deep lakes. Our results showed that the active archaeal community patterns of spatial and temporal distribution were different between these lakes. The meromictic lake characterized by a stable redox gradient but variability in nutrient concentrations exhibited large temporal rearrangements of the dominant euryarchaeal phylotypes, suggesting a variety of ecological niches and dynamic archaeal communities in the hypolimnion of this lake. Conversely , Thaumarchaeota Marine Group I (MGI) largely dominated in the second lake where deeper water layers exhibited only short periods of complete anoxia and constant low ammonia concentrations. Investigations conducted on archaeal amoA transcripts abundance suggested that not all lacustrine Thaumarchaeota conduct the process of nitrification. A high number of 16S rRNA transcripts associated to crenarchaeal group C3 or the Miscellaneous Euryarchaeotic Group indicates the potential for these uncharacterized groups to contribute to nutrient cycling in lakes

Anticiper les changements technologiques pour ne plus les subir

Carte blanche pour l'instauration en Wallonie d'un "Institut d'évaluation des technologies" : allons-nous encore nous contenter de subir les développements technologiques ou allons-nous choisir de les débattre, les questionner et participer de manière concertée à orienter leur trajectoire

Cigarette smoke induces overexpression of active human cathepsin S in lungs from current smokers with or without COPD

International audienceCigarette smoking has marked effects on lung tissue, including induction of oxidative stress, inflammatory cell recruitment, and a protease/antiprotease imbalance. These effects contribute to tissue remodeling and destruction resulting in loss of lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Cathepsin S (CatS) is a cysteine protease that is involved in the remodeling/degradation of connective tissue and basement membrane. Aberrant expression or activity of CatS has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular, and lung diseases. However, little is known about the effect of cigarette smoking on both CatS expression and activity, as well as its role in smoking-related lung diseases. Here, we evaluated the expression and activity of human CatS in lung tissues from never-smokers and smokers with or without COPD. Despite the presence of an oxidizing environment, CatS expression and activity were significantly higher in current smokers (both non-COPD and COPD) compared with never-smokers, and correlated positively with smoking history. Moreover, we found that the exposure of primary human bronchial epithelial cells to cigarette smoke extract triggered the activation of P2X7 receptors, which in turns drives CatS upregulation. The present data suggest that excessive CatS expression and activity contribute, beside other proteases, to the deleterious effects of cigarette smoke on pulmonary homeostasis

Potentiating tangle formation reduces acute toxicity of soluble tau species in the rat

International audienceTauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the aggregation of tau protein. These pathologies exhibit a wide variety of clinical and anatomo-pathological presentations, which may result from different pathological mechanisms. Although tau inclusions are a common feature in all these diseases, recent evidence instead implicates small oligomeric aggregates as drivers of tau-induced toxicity. Hence $in\ vivo$ model systems displaying either soluble or fibrillary forms of wild-type or mutant tau are needed to better identify their respective pathological pathways. Here we used adeno-associated viruses to mediate gene transfer of human tau to the rat brain to develop models of pure tauopathies. Two different constructs were used, each giving rise to a specific phenotype developing in less than 3 months. First, hTAU$^{WT}$ overexpression led to a strong hyperphosphorylation of the protein, which was associated with neurotoxicity in the absence of any significant aggregation. In sharp contrast, its co-expression with the pro-aggregation peptide TauRD-$\Delta$K280 in the hTAU$^{ProAggr}$group strongly promoted its aggregation into Gallyas-positive neurofibrillary tangles, while preserving neuronal survival. Our results support the hypothesis that soluble tau species are key players of tau-induced neurodegeneration

Neuronal tau species transfer to astrocytes and induce their loss according to tau aggregation state

International audienceDeposits of different abnormal forms of tau in neurons and astrocytes represent key anatomo-pathological features of tauopathies. Although tau protein is highly enriched in neurons and poorly expressed by astrocytes, the origin of astrocytic tau is still elusive. Here, we used innovative gene transfer tools to model tauopathies in adult mouse brains and to investigate the origin of astrocytic tau. We showed in our adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based models and in Thy-Tau22 transgenic mice that astrocytic tau pathology can emerge secondarily to neuronal pathology. By designing an in vivo reporter system, we further demonstrated bidirectional exchanges of tau species between neurons and astrocytes. We then determined the consequences of tau accumulation in astrocytes on their survival in models displaying various status of tau aggregation. Using stereological counting of astrocytes, we report that, as for neurons, soluble tau species are highly toxic to some subpopulations of astrocytes in the hippocampus, whereas the accumulation of tau aggregates does not affect their survival. Thus, astrocytes are not mere bystanders of neuronal pathology. Our results strongly suggest that tau pathology in astrocytes may significantly contribute to clinical symptoms