Factors in vocational choice by college women

The major purpose of the study was to investigate antecedents of vocational choice in college women. Additional purposes include: development of a comprehensive instrument to assess vocational choice; subjection of the instrument to factor analysis; and identification of demographic differences by declared major;A Work Interest Questionnaire (WIQ) was devised for use in the study and consisted of 120 items organized around the areas of career considerations, role expectations, and work components. The WIQ was designed from literature search, review of established instruments, and input from faculty and students. The WIQ was administered to 437 junior and senior students in four groups of majors enrolled at Iowa State University: Child Development (N = 102); Food and Nutrition (N = 114); Social Sciences (N = 109); and the Biological Sciences (N = 106). Data were collected from students during regular classroom periods and by mail;Differences were found between students across majors on several demographic items. Sorority membership was found to be greater for Food and Nutrition majors, while Child Development majors desired the greatest number of children and had fewer mothers working outside the home than the other majors. Students in the Social and Biological Sciences declared their major later than the two groups in Home Economics; A greater number of higher degrees (master\u27s and doctorate) were desired by those in Food and Nutrition, and Social Sciences, and especially in the Biological Sciences;The factor analyses identified eight factors, seven of which were usable for subsequent investigation. These seven factors were: Work Autonomy; Family-Work Flexibility; Parental Influences; Work Incentives; Promotion and Esteem; Parental Expectations for Daughter\u27s Family Establishment; and Social/Family Orientation. Items from each of the three major theoretical sections of the WIQ (Career Considerations, Future Role Expectations, Work Components) were found to load within the eight factors and provided support for the original inclusion of these sections in a comprehensive instrument such as the WIQ;Between group differences showed Home Economics majors to be more traditional than majors in the Social and Biological Sciences. The use of the multi-dimensional approach to assessing vocational choice for women was substantiated by the results obtained from between group comparisons and the factor analysis of the Work Interest Questionnaire

Ring-necked Pheasant Cover Use in Eastern South Dakota

Seasonal cover use of radio-tagged hen pheasants was analyzed and vegetative characteristics of nesting habitat identified in east-central South Dakota during 1983 and 1984. Radio telemetry locations were collected during the summer and fall of 1983 and winter of 1983- 1984 for cover use determinations. Chi-squared analysis of cover use revealed positive selection (P≤0.05) for the idle/roadside cover category in summer, wetlands in fall, and the shelterbelt/woodlot category in winter. Agricultural set aside areas in the 1-year 1983 Payment In Kind (PIK) program were avoided by pheasants in summer as were row crop fields in both summer and winter. Cover values were significantly different (P≤0.05) among seasons on selected potential pheasant nesting areas within the study area. However, nest site cover density was not different than at control sites. Canopy cover at known nest sites was comprised of 7-13 percent residual or new growth forbs. Establishment of lone-term land retirement areas that provide a mixed canopy with early growth or residual cover for nesting pheasants on private land is suggested. Preservation of wetlands and shelterbelts is also recommended to provide important winter cover for the ring-necked pheasant in South Dakota

Preserving Families: Does It Work? A Policy Analysis

Beginning with a look at the historical background of child welfare services in the United States, this policy analysis examines issues surrounding the use of out-of home placement of children as an intervention strategy with families in crisis. In response to the increasing demand for the limited dollars available to provide social services, the high cost of out-of-home placement and concern for the large number of children who experienced lengthy or multiple foster care placements policy makers and service providers are now focusing upon efforts to preserve families and prevent unnecessary out-of-home placement of children. Family preservation services are examined within the context of the range of services available to families and children. Discussion focuses on issues surrounding effectiveness of family preservation services, research and evaluation efforts to date, and concludes with a summary and recommendations for future evaluation efforts

Modeling the stream temperature regime of the East Fork of the Virgin River in Zion National Park

1991 Summer.Includes bibliographic references (pages 136-141).The following stream temperature study was conducted as part of a general study by the Water Rights Branch, Water Resources Division, National Park Service, to evaluate the physical habitat of the aquatic organisms within Zion National Park (ZION). Stream temperature is an aquatic habitat characteristic that is known to be a controlling variable in the successful existence of the Virgin spinedace (Espinosa, 1978). The Virgin River spinedace, a non-game fish which is endemic to the East Fork of the Virgin River, was delineated as the target organism as it has been recommended for classification as threatened (50 F.R. 37959). The first objective of the study was to measure and describe existing stream temperatures of the East Fork of the Virgin River at Virgin River Mile (VRM) 157.3. Diurnal fluctuations in the stream temperature of 10°C were common. The average maximum, mean, and minimum stream temperatures for the study period were 26.7°C, 21.8°C, and 17.0°C, respectively during which the average flow was 1076 l/s. A second objective of the study was to predict the response of the daily fluctuations and mean daily stream temperature at VRM 157.3 to perturbations in stream temperature and discharge at the upstream (eastern) Zion National Park boundary. Stream, shading, and site characteristic data were collected along a 9.3 km reach on the East Fork and input into TEMP-84, a stream temperature model, for simulation of existing and perturbed flows of 283 l/s (10 cfs), 566 l/s (20 cfs), 2,124 l/s (75 cfs), 2,832 l/s (100 cfs), 14,160 l/s (500 cfs), and 28,320 l/s (1000 cfs). Perturbed inflow temperature conditions were delineated as equal to the average ambient temperature and groundwater temperature. Modeled results were evaluated in terms of the relative change in maximum, mean, and minimum stream temperature from that modeled for existing conditions. The relative change was then applied to measured stream temperatures to estimate stream temperatures for the selected hypothetical condition. Results from the modeling exercise demonstrated sharply dampened diurnal fluctuations at VRM 157.3 from an average of 10.1°C under existing conditions to 4.7°C as the flow increased to 2,832 l/s. As the flow was increased beyond 2,832 l/s, the diurnal fluctuation at VRM 157.3 decreases further and approached that of VRM 163.1 at the upstream end of the study reach. Mean stream temperatures at VRM 157.3 decreased by an average of 2.4°C as the flow increased to 14,160 l/s. Flows less than baseflow simulated dramatically increased diurnal fluctuations; diurnal fluctuations of 17.3°C were simulated for flows of 283 l/s. Mean stream temperatures increased by an average of 1.5°C when inflow was decreased to 283 l/s. Hypothetical inflow temperature simulations depicted a clear shift in the diurnal fluctuation at VRM 157.3 in the direction of the change in inflow stream temperature at VRM 163.1. Mean stream temperatures increased by an average of 4.6°C when inflow was equal to the average ambient temperature and decreased by an average of 2.0°C when inflow was equal to groundwater temperature

Copper sulphide precipitation in a fluidised bed reactor

Bibliography: leaves 99-106.The purpose of this thesis was an investigation into the feasibility of the removal of a single heavy metal (copper) by sulphide precipitation from a copper rich stream in a fluidised bed reactor, as well as developing an understanding of the behaviour of the copper sulphide system

Role perceptions of elected and appointed school board members and their superintendents in Virginia

The purpose of this study was to investigate role perceptions of elected and appointed school board members and their superintendents in Virginia to determine if increased citizen participation and cultural change had affected the process of school governance. Four policy issue areas provided the context for revealing role perceptions: Administration and Organization, Business and Financial Management, Employee and Pupil Personnel Services, and Curriculum and Instruction. A 27-item survey was sent to superintendents and school board members of 64 school divisions, 31 of which had appointed boards and 33 of which had elected boards. Eighty-four percent of the superintendents and 61% of the board members responded.;Two-by-two analysis of variance indicated statistically significant differences by board type and position for Administration and Organization and statistically significant differences by board type for Curriculum and Instruction. Although the differences were not found to be meaningful, the survey data revealed a trend in all issue areas except Curriculum and Instruction in which elected school board members perceive their role as equally responsible. Responses for all groups for all policy issue areas clustered between equally responsible and superintendent primarily responsible. .;Confirming interviews revealed that appointed and elected board members are very active in school governance in the area of Administration and Organization. Superintendents of both board types engaged in pre-decisional social processes to control the systemic agenda. Sociopolitical models of agenda setting and negotiation and exchange explained the interactions. Superintendents have adopted a political-professional model to cope with school board members\u27 increased needs for information and involvement.;It was concluded that finance and personnel issues had no significant differences, unlike findings in other states, because of school funding processes in Virginia which deny school boards the authority to tax. Superintendents perceive Curriculum and Instruction closer to equally responsible than their boards do. Further study is recommended when elected school boards become more mature

Pattern and Predictors of Weight Gain During Pregnancy Among HIV-1-Infected Women from Tanzania

Progression of HIV disease is often accompanied by weight loss and wasting. Gestational weight gain is a strong determinant of maternal and neonatal outcomes; however, the pattern and predictors of weight gain during pregnancy among HIV-positive women are unknown. We obtained monthly anthropometric measurements in a cohort of 957 pregnant women from Tanzania who were HIV infected. We estimated the weekly rate of weight gain at various points during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and computed rate differences between levels of sociodemographic, nutritional, immunologic, and parasitic variables at the first prenatal visit. The change in mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) from baseline to delivery was also examined. The rate of weight gain decreased progressively during pregnancy. There was an average decline of 1 cm in MUAC between weeks 12 and 38. Lower level of education and helminthic infections at first visit were associated with decreased adjusted rates of weight gain during the third trimester. High baseline MUAC, not contributing to household income, lower serum retinol and selenium concentrations, advanced clinical stage of HIV disease, and malaria infection were related to decreased rates of weight gain during the second trimester. Low baseline CD4 T-cell counts were related to a poorer pattern of weight gain throughout pregnancy. Prevention and treatment of parasitic infections and improvement of nutritional status are likely to enhance the pattern of gestational weight gain among HIV-infected women

Motherhood and Tenure: Can Catholic Universities Support Both?

This paper presents a plan for the implementation of more family-friendly policies at Catholic colleges and universities, both as a matter of justice for women and on behalf of the well being of families. It is motivated by the teachings of the Catholic social tradition that emphasize the equality and dignity of women; the importance of the dual vocations of Christian parents, who are called to raise children and to work more publicly on behalf of the common good; and the inherent value of children and their right to be properly nutured and educated within the Christian family. Our starting point is the condition of families in the U.S. today as they struggle to thrive in spite of tremendous demands placed on parents who also work outside the home. We examine the negative effects on women and families that result from a refusal to accommodate parents with young children in the workplace. We are concerned in particular with the challenges faced by women academics at colleges and universities who are also mothers. We argue that, by and large, these women are not adequately supported in academia, even at Catholic universities, in spite of that tradition’s professed commitment to the health and well being of families. Finally we offer several concrete suggestions by which universities may better support women academics who are mothers, thereby contributing to the well being of women and families