The Kalai-Smorodinsky Solution with Loss Aversion

We consider bargaining games under the assumption that bargainers are loss averse, i.e. experience disutility from obtaining an outcome lower than some reference point. We follow the approach of Shalev (2002) by imposing the self-supporting condition on a solution. Given a bargaining game, we say outcome z is self-supporting under a given bargaining solution, whenever transforming the game using outcome z as reference point, yields a transformed game in which the solution is z.We show that n-player bargaining games have a unique self-supporting outcome under the Kalai-Smorodinsky (KS) solution. We define a bargaining solution, giving exactly this outcome, and characterize it by the standard axioms of Scale Invariance [SI], Individual Monotonicity [IM], and Strong Individual Rationality [SIR], and a novel axiom called Proportional Concession Invariance [PCI].A bargaining solution satisfies PCI if moving the utopia point in the direction of the solution outcome, does not change this outcome.microeconomics ;

Alternating offers bargaining with loss aversion

The Rubinstein alternating offers bargaining game is reconsidered under the assumption that each player is loss averse and the associated reference point is equal to the highest turned down offer of the opponent in the past. This makes the payoffs and therefore potential equilibrium strategies dependent on the history of play. A subgame perfect equilibrium is constructed, in which the strategies depend on the history of play throughthe current reference points. It is shown that this equilibrium is unique under some assumptions that it shares with the equilibrium in the classical model: immediate acceptance of equilibrium offers, indifference between acceptance and rejection of such offers, and strategies depending only on the current reference points. It is also shown that in this equilibrium loss aversion is a disadvantage. Moreover, a relation with asymmetric Nashbargaining is established, where a player’s bargaining power is negatively related to own loss aversion and positively to the opponent’s loss aversion.mathematical economics;

Farmers’ tales: adaptive strategies for agricultural commercialisation and food and nutrition security in Myanmar

This study presents a rich and contextualised picture of farm household sense-making processes in relation to the rapid agricultural transition currently occurring in Myanmar, while considering the implications of these processes for household food and nutrition security (FNS). This research entailed a literature review on current views among key actors involved in agricultural development and food and nutrition security in Myanmar; a qualitative case study involving ‘positive deviant’ households engaged in agriculture commercialisation in the Dry Zone of Myanmar; and an exploratory analysis of social innovations among smallholder farmers. The reports concluded with a number of reflections and suggestions drawn from the analysis of farmers’ narratives and reflection on the implication of agricultural commercialisation on their livelihoods and diet

Income intervention quick scan: producer organizations : Farmer Income Lab Intervention Quick Scan

This quick scan, commissioned by the Farmer Income Lab, is part of a wider research effort looking at, “What are the most effective actions that lead buyers can take to enable smallholder farmers in global supply chains to meaningfully increase their incomes?”. The quick scan provides an overview of the publicly available evidence on the impact of producer organizations have had on raising farmer income. Such subsidies have had little positive effect on farmer income, are not notably beneficial for women nor is this effect long-term. They have been applied at large scale. This quick scan is part of a series of 16, contributing to a synthesis report “What Works to Raise Farmer’s Income: a Landscape Review”

Income intervention quick scan: land tenure security : Farmer Income Lab Intervention Quick Scan

This quick scan, commissioned by the Farmer Income Lab, is part of a wider researcheffort looking at, “What are the most effective actions that lead buyers can take to enable smallholderfarmers in global supply chains to meaningfully increase their incomes?”. The quick scan provides anoverview of the publicly available evidence on the impact of land tenure security have had on raisingfarmer income. Such subsidies have had little positive effect on farmer income, are not notablybeneficial for women nor is this effect long-term. They have been applied at large scale. This quickscan is part of a series of 16, contributing to a synthesis report “What Works to Raise Farmer’sIncome: a Landscape Review”

Feasible sets, comparative risk aversion and comparative uncertainty aversion in bargaining

We study feasible sets of the bargaining problem under two different as- sumptions: the players are subjective expected utility maximizers or the players are Choquet expected utility maximizers. For the latter case, we consider the effects on bargaining solutions when players become more risk averse and when they become more uncertainty averse

The incidence, field performance and heritability of non-dormant seeds in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Mature seeds of many legume species are normally characterized by water-impermeable seed coats, a form of physical dormancy. However, observations have suggested that the incidence of mature but permeable (non-dormant) seeds is sometimes substantial. Yet, the ecological processes associated with this non-dormancy have received little attention by plant ecologists. In white clover (Trifolium repens), we therefore studied: (1) the occurrence of initially permeable seeds in wild populations; (2) the relative performance of non-dormant and dormant seeds in plant establishment and reproduction in a field-sown experiment; and (3) the extent to which the trait is affected by humidity and plant genotype in a greenhouse experiment. No less than 35% of all viable seeds from the wild populations proved to be water permeable at maturity. The proportion of permeable seeds within inflorescences ranged from 0 to 100%. In the field-sown experiment, autumn-germinated non-dormant seeds had almost equally good chances of establishing as spring-germinated dormant seeds. Due to a marked head start in growth, the former yielded more flowers (and thus seeds) in the first flowering season. However, the greenhouse experiment proved that variation in the proportion of permeable seed between inflorescences represented a plastic response to humidity conditions during seed ripening, rather than variation among clones (broad-sense heritability <= 0.025). Thus the trait is not easily subject to selection