Virtual LANs and directory enabled networking

Lähiverkot ja virtuaalilähiverkot ovat kehittyneet valtavasti viime vuosien aikana. Lähiverkot ovat yleistyneet, mutta samalla uudet vaatimukset ja ominaisuudet ovat tehneet lähiverkkoympäristöstä entistä monimutkaisemman. Palveluntarjoajille tämä on mahdollisuus, koska niillä on riittävä asiantuntemus. Tämän avulla ne voivat tarjota lähiverkkoja ja virtuaalilähiverkkoja palveluna, jolloin niiden asiakkaat voivat keskittyä omaan liiketoimintaansa. Kehittyneet lähiverkot tarjoavat monia ominaisuuksia kuten autentikointia autorisointia ja priorisointia, mutta näiden ominaisuuksien pitää olla yhtenäisesti ja valmistajariippumattomasti hallittavissa Ns. directory enabled networking (DEN) on uusi ja lupaava lähestymistapa sekä verkon aktiivilaitteiden että verkon tarjoamien palveluiden hallintaa varten. Directory enabled networking ottaa myös kantaa palvelutasosopimuksiin (service level agreement), jotka ovat erittäin tärkeitä palveluntarjoajaympäristössä. Seuraavan sukupolven verkko voidaan rakentaa DEN-ominaisuuksien avulla

Dynamics of attachment and emotion regulation in daily life : uni- and bidirectional associations

Attachment theory proposes that the activation of the attachment system enacts emotion regulation (ER) to maintain security or cope with insecurity. However, the effects of ER on attachment states and their bidirectional influences remain poorly understood. In this ecological momentary assessment study, we examined the dynamics between attachment and ER. We hypothesised that attachment states and ER influence each other through time. Specifically, we hypothesised bidirectional short-term cycles between state attachment security and reappraisal, state attachment anxiety and rumination, and state attachment avoidance and suppression. We also tested how trait attachment is related to state attachment and ER. One hundred twenty-two participants (M-age = 26.4) completed the Experiences in Close Relationship-Revised and reported state attachment and ER seven times daily for seven days. The results were only partly consistent with our cycle hypotheses yet revealed a cycle between low state attachment security and rumination that was attenuated by reappraisal. Moreover, rumination and suppression predicted increased insecure states, and reappraisal predicted increased secure and insecure states. Finally, trait attachment showed associations with state attachment and ER. Our study suggests regulatory dynamics between attachment and ER and opens important questions about their functional relationship in maintaining attachment-related behavioural patterns and emotional well-being.Peer reviewe

On the Causality and Stability of the Relativistic Diffusion Equation

This paper examines the mathematical properties of the relativistic diffusion equation. The peculiar solution which Hiscock and Lindblom identified as an instability is shown to emerge from an ill-posed initial value problem. These do not meet the mathematical conditions required for realistic physical problems and can not serve as an argument against the relativistic hydrodynamics of Landau and Lifshitz.Comment: 6 page

Impact of SBRT fractionation in hypoxia dose painting - Accounting for heterogeneous and dynamic tumor oxygenation

Purpose Tumor hypoxia, often found in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), implies an increased resistance to radiotherapy. Pretreatment assessment of tumor oxygenation is, therefore, warranted in these patients, as functional imaging of hypoxia could be used as a basis for dose painting. This study aimed at investigating the feasibility of using a method for calculating the dose required in hypoxic subvolumes segmented on F-18-HX4 positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of NSCLC. Methods Positron emission tomography imaging data based on the hypoxia tracer F-18-HX4 of 19 NSCLC patients were included in the study. Normalized tracer uptake was converted to oxygen partial pressure (pO(2)) and hypoxic target volumes (HTVs) were segmented using a threshold of 10 mmHg. Uniform doses required to overcome the hypoxic resistance in the target volumes were calculated based on a previously proposed method taking into account the effect of interfraction reoxygenation, for fractionation schedules ranging from extremely hypofractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) to conventionally fractionated radiotherapy. Results Gross target volumes ranged between 6.2 and 859.6 cm(3), and the hypoxic fraction <10 mmHg between 1.2% and 72.4%. The calculated doses for overcoming the resistance of cells in the HTVs were comparable to those currently prescribed in clinical practice as well as those previously tested in feasibility studies on dose escalation in NSCLC. Depending on the size of the HTV and the distribution of pO(2), HTV doses were calculated as 43.6-48.4 Gy for a three-fraction schedule, 51.7-57.6 Gy for five fractions, and 59.5-66.4 Gy for eight fractions. For patients in whom the HTV pO(2) distribution was more favorable, a lower dose was required despite a bigger volume. Tumor control probability was lower for single-fraction schedules, while higher levels of tumor control probability were found for schedules employing several fractions. Conclusions The method to account for heterogeneous and dynamic hypoxia in target volume segmentation and dose prescription based on F-18-HX4-PET imaging appears feasible in NSCLC patients. The distribution of oxygen partial pressure within HTV could impact the required prescribed dose more than the size of the volume

Pharmacological profiling of the hemodynamic effects of cannabinoid ligands: a combined in vitro and in vivo approach.

The receptors mediating the hemodynamic responses to cannabinoids are not clearly defined due to the multifarious pharmacology of many commonly used cannabinoid ligands. While both CB1 and TRPV1 receptors are implicated, G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) may also mediate some of the hemodynamic effects of several atypical cannabinoid ligands. The present studies attempted to unravel the pharmacology underlying the in vivo hemodynamic responses to ACEA (CB1 agonist), O-1602 (GPR55 agonist), AM251 (CB1 antagonist), and cannabidiol (CBD; GPR55 antagonist). Agonist and antagonist profiles of each ligand were determined by ligand-induced GTPcS binding in membrane preparations expressing rat and mouse CB1 and GPR55 receptors. Blood pressure responses to ACEA and O-1602 were recorded in anesthetized and conscious mice (wild type, CB1 / and GPR55 / ) and rats in the absence and presence of AM251 and CBD. ACEA demonstrated GTPcS activation at both receptors, while O-1602 only activated GPR55. AM251 exhibited antagonist activity at CB1 and agonist activity at GPR55, while CBD demonstrated selective antagonist activity at GPR55. The depressor response to ACEA was blocked by AM251 and attenuated by CBD, while O-1602 did not induce a depressor response. AM251 caused a depressor response that was absent in GPR55 / mice but enhanced by CBD, while CBD caused a small vasodepressor response that persisted in GPR55 / mice. Our findings show that assessment of the pharmacological profile of receptor activation by cannabinoid ligands in in vitro studies alongside in vivo functional studies is essential to understand the role of cannabinoids in hemodynamic control

Floral to green: mating switches moth olfactory coding and preference

Mating induces profound physiological changes in a wide range of insects, leading to behavioural adjustments to match the internal state of the animal. Here, we show for the first time, to our knowledge, that a noctuid moth switches its olfactory response from food to egg-laying cues following mating. Unmated females of the cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) are strongly attracted to lilac flowers (Syringa vulgaris). After mating, attraction to floral odour is abolished and the females fly instead to green-leaf odour of the larval host plant cotton, Gossypium hirsutum. This behavioural switch is owing to a marked change in the olfactory representation of floral and green odours in the primary olfactory centre, the antennal lobe (AL). Calcium imaging, using authentic and synthetic odours, shows that the ensemble of AL glomeruli dedicated to either lilac or cotton odour is selectively up- and downregulated in response to mating. A clear-cut behavioural modulation as a function of mating is a useful substrate for studies of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioural decisions. Modulation of odour-driven behaviour through concerted regulation of odour maps contributes to our understanding of state-dependent choice and host shifts in insect herbivores

Evaluating the impact of plant-wide WWTP control strategies on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions

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Liberal market economies, business, and political finance: Britain under New Labour

The extent and nature of business financing of parties is an important feature of political finance. Britain’s transparent and permissive regulatory system provides an excellent opportunity to study business financing of parties. Business donations have been very important to the Conservative party over the last decade, and of only marginal importance to Labour. Unlike other Conservative contributors, business donors are more likely to contribute when the party is popular. In contrast to the previous period of Conservative government, the biggest British businesses tended to abstain from political finance under New Labour. However, their bias towards the Conservatives is affected by the party’s popularity and the closeness of an election. Britain shares the political importance of business financing of parties and its mixture of ideological and pragmatic motivations with other liberal market economies. However, in Britain the bias towards the right is much stronger and the role of big business more marginal