Coupled thermodynamic and biologic modelling of Legionella pneumophila proliferation in domestic hot water systems

The production of Domestic Hot Water (DHW) dominates the total energy demand. One of the main reasons for the high energy demand is that DHW is stored and distributed at temperatures above 55°C to mitigate the risk of infecting the DHW system with Legionella Pneumophila. At these temperatures, Legionella bacteria are effectively killed. For most of the applications of DHW, temperatures of only 30-40°C are required. This disparity (between 55 and 30-40°C) doubles the temperature difference between the DHW system and the environment and has a detrimental effect on the efficiency of DHW production units. A simulation model will be developed that allows to investigate the infection risk for Legionella in the design phase of a DHW system and to test the effectiveness of disinfection techniques on an infected system. In addition to the modeling work, a test rig will be built and the relevant temperature and use profiles will be measured in DHW systems of several buildings. With the thermodynamically validated model, the Legionella infection risk of 5 to 10 DHW system configurations will be assessed and new design guidelines will be proposed based on an optimization study that looks for the trade-off between infection risk and energy efficiency

Experimental analysis of cell function using cytoplasmic streaming

This laboratory exercise investigates the phenomenon of cytoplasmic streaming in the fresh water alga Nitella. Students use the fungal toxin cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerization, to investigate the mechanism of streaming. Students use simple statistical methods to analyze their data. Typical student data are provided

On the CH4 and N2O emission inventory compiled by EDGAR and improved with the EPRTR data for the INGOS project

This report documents the EDGAR INGOS emission inventory for CH4 and N2O, as publicly made available on: http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ingos/index.php?SECURE=123. The EDGAR INGOS CH4 and N2O emission inventory provides bottom‐up estimates of global anthropogenic CH4 and N2O emissions for the period 2000‐2010. The EDGAR InGOS product is an update of the EDGARv4.2FT2010 inventory, taking into account emissions reported as point sources by facilities under the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (EPRTR) for (1) power plants (N2O), (2) oil refineries (CH4 and N2O), (3) coal mining (CH4), (4) production of oil and gas (CH4), (5) chemicals production (inorganic, nitro‐fertilizers and other bulk chemicals) (N2O), industrial process and product use (N2O), (6) solid waste ‐ landfills (CH4), (7) industrial wastewater treatment (CH4 and N2O). In a first step gridmaps have been improved for the European region taking into account the geospatial data of the E‐PRTR database. In addition, for the last 4 years an option is given to select inventories solely based on officially reported emission data (for the categories covered by E‐PRTR), gapfilled with EDGARv4.2FT2010 for non‐reporting countries.JRC.H.2-Air and Climat

Fractal codimension of nilpotent contact points in two-dimensional slow-fast systems

In this paper we introduce the notion of fractal codimension of a nilpotent contact point $p$, for $\lambda=\lambda_0$, in smooth planar slow$-$fast systems $X_{\epsilon,\lambda}$ when the contact order $n_{\lambda_0}(p)$ of $p$ is even, the singularity order $s_{\lambda_0}(p)$ of $p$ is odd and $p$ has finite slow divergence, i.e., $s_{\lambda_0}(p)\leq 2(n_{\lambda_0}(p)-1)$. The fractal codimension of $p$ is a generalization of the traditional codimension of a slow-fast Hopf point of Li\'{e}nard type, introduced in (Dumortier and Roussarie (2009)), and it is intrinsically defined, i.e., it can be directly computed without the need to first bring the system into its normal form. The intrinsic nature of the notion of fractal codimension stems from the Minkowski dimension of fractal sequences of points, defined near $p$ using the so$-$called entry$-$exit relation, and slow divergence integral. We apply our method to a slow$-$fast Hopf point and read its degeneracy (i.e., the first nonzero Lyapunov quantity) as well as the number of limit cycles near such a Hopf point directly from its fractal codimension. We demonstrate our results numerically on some interesting examples by using a simple formula for computation of the fractal codimension. We demonstrate our results numerically on some interesting examples by using a simple formula for computation of the fractal codimension.Comment: 32 pages, 4 figure

Minkowski dimension and slow-fast polynomial Li\'{e}nard equations near infinity

In planar slow-fast systems, fractal analysis of (bounded) sequences in $\mathbb R$ has proved important for detection of the first non-zero Lyapunov quantity in singular Hopf bifurcations, determination of the maximum number of limit cycles produced by slow-fast cycles, defined in the finite plane, etc. One uses the notion of Minkowski dimension of sequences generated by slow relation function. Following a similar approach, together with Poincar\'{e}--Lyapunov compactification, in this paper we focus on a fractal analysis near infinity of the slow-fast generalized Li\'{e}nard equations $\dot x=y-\sum_{k=0}^{n+1} B_kx^k,\ \dot y=-\epsilon\sum_{k=0}^{m}A_kx^k$. We extend the definition of the Minkowski dimension to unbounded sequences. This helps us better understand the fractal nature of slow-fast cycles that are detected inside the slow-fast Li\'{e}nard equations and contain a part at infinity

Towards energy efficient and healthy buildings: trade-off between Legionella pneumophila infection risk and energy efficiency of domestic hot water systems

The production of Domestic Hot Water (DHW) dominates the total energy demand. One of the main reasons for the high energy demand is that DHW is stored and distributed at temperatures above 55°C to mitigate the risk of infecting the DHW system with Legionella pneumophila. At these temperatures, Legionella pneumophila bacteria are effectively killed. For most of the applications of DHW, temperatures of only 30-40°C are required. This disparity (between 55 and 30-40°C) doubles the temperature difference between DHW system and environment and has a detrimental effect on the efficiency of DHW production units. A simulation model is developed that allows to investigate the infection risk for Legionella pneumophila in the design phase of a DHW system and to test the effectiveness of disinfection techniques on an infected system. By developing a simulation model that allows assessing the Legionella pneumophila infection risk in dynamic conditions, HVAC designers will be able firstly to thoroughly assess the infection risk associated with their design and secondly to optimize the temperature regimes, choose better hydronic controls and reduce the energy demand for DHW production. In addition to the modelling work, a test rig is built which will serve to run experiments that will allow testing, validating and improving the simulation model. In future research this thermodynamically validated model, will be used to assess the Legionella pneumophila infection risk of 5 to 10 often used DHW configurations from REHVA design guidelines for DHW systems and new design guidelines for these configurations will be proposed based on an optimization study that looks at the trade-off between Legionella pneumophila infection risk and energy efficiency

The State of Utah v. NINE THOUSAND ONE HUNDRED AND NINETY NINE DOLLARS, UNITED STATES CURRENCY, ONE PAGER, SERIAL NO. 0701843, AND ONE 4-INCH SMITH AND WESSON .44 MAGNUM GUN, MODEL 29 : Brief of Appellee

APPEAL FROM THE THIRD JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT, IN AND FOR SALT LAKE COUNTY, STATE OF UTA