The effect of early nutrient restriction on subsequent compensatory growth in market turkeys

Experiment one was a factorial arrangement of diets containing two levels of protein (P) (100% (HP) or 70% (LP) of National Research Council (1984) (N.R.C.)) and two levels of energy (E) (100% (HE) or 90% (LE) of N.R.C.), which were fed ad libitum to Nicholas toms from 10 days to 6 weeks (wks) of age. Subsequently, the four treatment groups were fed diets containing either 4% or 8% fat (F) to 20 wks of age. LP or LE reduced weight gain (WG) and increased feed/gain (F/G) until 6 weeks (P \u3c.005). After 6 wks of age, LP toms had consistently lower body weight (BW) and F/G than HP toms until 20 wks (P \u3c.005). In comparison, LE and HE toms had the same BW at 20 wks. WG increased and F/G decreased as the level of F increased (P \u3c.005), irrespective of P and E. Percentage carcass fat at 6 wks was increased by LP, and decreased by LE (P \u3c.005). LP also increased leg length relative to 6-wk BW and reduced breast meat yield. Carcass composition and structural proportionality of LP and LE toms were restored at 12 and 20 wks with the exception of breast yield, which was still adversely affected by LP at 12 wks. At 12 and 20 wks, % carcass fat increased as the level of F increased. Results show that toms responded more favorably to early P than E restriction, regardless of fat content of the realimentation diet;In experiment two, four levels of dietary protein (P) (100%, 80%, 70%, or 60% of N.R.C.) were fed to toms from 1-6 wks and subsequently the toms were fed according to N.R.C. until 20 wks of age. As the level of P decreased 6-wk BW decreased and 1-6 wk F/G increased. P did not influence 6-20-wk WG, but F/G was improved (P \u3c.005). Furthermore, 60-70% P reduced the incidence of severe leg weakness observed at 18 wks by more than 60%. Percentage carcass fat at 6 wks increased linearly and breast and thigh meat yields decreased as P decreased, but other carcass components were unaffected by P. Carcass composition and meat yield were restored to normal proportions at 12 and 20 wks, irrespective of the level of P; however, breast yield at 20 wks was reduced by 60% P. Results show that large toms do not exhibit compensatory WG, irrespective of the level of P; however, significant savings in feed costs and reduced incidence of leg weakness without adverse effects on carcass quality may be economically beneficial if toms are fed at 70-80% of N.R.C. protein recommendations from 1-6 wks of age;Reference. National Research Council. 1984. Nutrient Requirements of poultry. 8th ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC

Effect of dietary organic acids and humic substance supplementation on performance, immune response and gut morphology of broiler chickens

This study evaluated the additive effects of a commercial feed supplementation blend (Ava Cid P)—consisting of humic substances, coated sodium butyrate, and a small acidifier portion— on the growth, immune response, and gut health of broiler chickens. A total of 540 female and 540 male broilers were raised from 1–49 d. On the first day, the animals were distributed in a completely randomized 2 × 5 factorial design (2 sexes and 5 treatments) with 7 replications of 15 birds each. The 5 treatments were 1) birds did not receive Ava Cid P (control); 2) birds received 0.91 kg/t of Ava Cid P from 1–21 d (AVA1–21); 3) birds received 0.91 kg/t of Ava Cid P from 1–21 d and 0.45 kg/t from 22–35 d (AVA1–35); 4) birds received 0.91 kg/t of Ava Cid P from 1–21 d and 0.45 kg/t from 22–42 d (AVA1–42); and 5) birds received 0.91 kg/t of Ava Cid P from 1–21 d, 0.45 kg/t from 22–35 d, and 0.23 kg/t from 36–49 d (AVA1–49). ANOVA and Tukey’s tests were applied to compare the means (P < 0.05) between treatments. The Ava Cid P showed no effect on male or female growth performance or goblet cell density. However, the supplement modified gut morphometry, and jejunum villi were 32% higher at 9 and 35 d in the AVA1–35 birds compared with those of the control group. The apparent villus surface and villus height increased by 87% and 46%, respectively, in the AVA1–49 birds compared with the AVA1–21 birds. The expression of mucin 2 (MUC2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were 1.6% and 0.9% lower in the AVA1–21 birds than in the control birds, but no effects were observed for interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-10. The Ava Cid P altered the mRNA expression of MUC2 and TNF-α and some characteristics of intestinal morphometry, but did not change the performance of broilers

Piyanist Gülay Uğurata öldü

Taha Toros Arşivi, Dosya No: 150-Gülay Uğurat

Separate prediction of intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke

OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate 10-year cumulative incidence functions of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and ischemic stroke (IS). METHODS: We used data on 27,493 participants from 3 population-based cohort studies: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, median age 54 years, 45% male, median follow-up 20.7 years; the Rotterdam Study, median age 68 years, 38% male, median follow-up 14.3 years; and the Cardiovascular Health Study, median age 71 years, 41% male, median follow-up 12.8 years. Among these participants, 325 ICH events, 2,559 IS events, and 9,909 nonstroke deaths occurred. We developed 10-year cumulative incidence functions for ICH and IS using stratified Cox regression and competing risks analysis. Basic models including only established nonlaboratory risk factors were extended with diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and glomerular filtration rate. The cumulative incidence functions' performances were cross-validated in each cohort separately by Harrell C-statistic and calibration plots. RESULTS: High total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio decreased the ICH rates but increased IS rates (p for difference across stroke types <0.001). For both the ICH and IS models, C statistics increased more by model extension in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities and Cardiovascular Health Study cohorts. Improvements in C statistics were reproduced by cross-validation. Models were well calibrated in all cohorts. Correlations between 10-year ICH and IS risks were moderate in each cohort. CONCLUSIONS: We developed and cross-validated cumulative incidence functions for separate prediction of 10-year ICH and IS risk. These functions can be useful to further specify an individual's stroke risk

Cell Walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Differentially Modulated Innate Immunity and Glucose Metabolism during Late Systemic Inflammation

BACKGROUND: Salmonella causes acute systemic inflammation by using its virulence factors to invade the intestinal epithelium. But, prolonged inflammation may provoke severe body catabolism and immunological diseases. Salmonella has become more life-threatening due to emergence of multiple-antibiotic resistant strains. Mannose-rich oligosaccharides (MOS) from cells walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have shown to bind mannose-specific lectin of Gram-negative bacteria including Salmonella, and prevent their adherence to intestinal epithelial cells. However, whether MOS may potentially mitigate systemic inflammation is not investigated yet. Moreover, molecular events underlying innate immune responses and metabolic activities during late inflammation, in presence or absence of MOS, are unknown. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using a Salmonella LPS-induced systemic inflammation chicken model and microarray analysis, we investigated the effects of MOS and virginiamycin (VIRG, a sub-therapeutic antibiotic) on innate immunity and glucose metabolism during late inflammation. Here, we demonstrate that MOS and VIRG modulated innate immunity and metabolic genes differently. Innate immune responses were principally mediated by intestinal IL-3, but not TNF-α, IL-1 or IL-6, whereas glucose mobilization occurred through intestinal gluconeogenesis only. MOS inherently induced IL-3 expression in control hosts. Consequent to LPS challenge, IL-3 induction in VIRG hosts but not differentially expressed in MOS hosts revealed that MOS counteracted LPS's detrimental inflammatory effects. Metabolic pathways are built to elucidate the mechanisms by which VIRG host's higher energy requirements were met: including gene up-regulations for intestinal gluconeogenesis (PEPCK) and liver glycolysis (ENO2), and intriguingly liver fatty acid synthesis through ATP citrate synthase (CS) down-regulation and ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) and malic enzyme (ME) up-regulations. However, MOS host's lower energy demands were sufficiently met through TCA citrate-derived energy, as indicated by CS up-regulation. CONCLUSIONS: MOS terminated inflammation earlier than VIRG and reduced glucose mobilization, thus representing a novel biological strategy to alleviate Salmonella-induced systemic inflammation in human and animal hosts

The effect of early nutrient restriction on subsequent compensatory growth in market turkeys

Experiment one was a factorial arrangement of diets containing two levels of protein (P) (100% (HP) or 70% (LP) of National Research Council (1984) (N.R.C.)) and two levels of energy (E) (100% (HE) or 90% (LE) of N.R.C.), which were fed ad libitum to Nicholas toms from 10 days to 6 weeks (wks) of age. Subsequently, the four treatment groups were fed diets containing either 4% or 8% fat (F) to 20 wks of age. LP or LE reduced weight gain (WG) and increased feed/gain (F/G) until 6 weeks (P <.005). After 6 wks of age, LP toms had consistently lower body weight (BW) and F/G than HP toms until 20 wks (P <.005). In comparison, LE and HE toms had the same BW at 20 wks. WG increased and F/G decreased as the level of F increased (P <.005), irrespective of P and E. Percentage carcass fat at 6 wks was increased by LP, and decreased by LE (P <.005). LP also increased leg length relative to 6-wk BW and reduced breast meat yield. Carcass composition and structural proportionality of LP and LE toms were restored at 12 and 20 wks with the exception of breast yield, which was still adversely affected by LP at 12 wks. At 12 and 20 wks, % carcass fat increased as the level of F increased. Results show that toms responded more favorably to early P than E restriction, regardless of fat content of the realimentation diet;In experiment two, four levels of dietary protein (P) (100%, 80%, 70%, or 60% of N.R.C.) were fed to toms from 1-6 wks and subsequently the toms were fed according to N.R.C. until 20 wks of age. As the level of P decreased 6-wk BW decreased and 1-6 wk F/G increased. P did not influence 6-20-wk WG, but F/G was improved (P <.005). Furthermore, 60-70% P reduced the incidence of severe leg weakness observed at 18 wks by more than 60%. Percentage carcass fat at 6 wks increased linearly and breast and thigh meat yields decreased as P decreased, but other carcass components were unaffected by P. Carcass composition and meat yield were restored to normal proportions at 12 and 20 wks, irrespective of the level of P; however, breast yield at 20 wks was reduced by 60% P. Results show that large toms do not exhibit compensatory WG, irrespective of the level of P; however, significant savings in feed costs and reduced incidence of leg weakness without adverse effects on carcass quality may be economically beneficial if toms are fed at 70-80% of N.R.C. protein recommendations from 1-6 wks of age;Reference. National Research Council. 1984. Nutrient Requirements of poultry. 8th ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC.</p