Command and Persuade

Why, when we have been largely socialized into good behavior, are there more laws that govern our behavior than ever before? Levels of violent crime have been in a steady decline for centuries—for millennia, even. Over the past five hundred years, homicide rates have decreased a hundred-fold. We live in a time that is more orderly and peaceful than ever before in human history. Why, then, does fear of crime dominate modern politics? Why, when we have been largely socialized into good behavior, are there more laws that govern our behavior than ever before? In Command and Persuade, Peter Baldwin examines the evolution of the state's role in crime and punishment over three thousand years. Baldwin explains that the involvement of the state in law enforcement and crime prevention is relatively recent. In ancient Greece, those struck by lightning were assumed to have been punished by Zeus. In the Hebrew Bible, God was judge, jury, and prosecutor when Cain killed Abel. As the state's power as lawgiver grew, more laws governed behavior than ever before; the sum total of prohibited behavior has grown continuously. At the same time, as family, community, and church exerted their influences, we have become better behaved and more law-abiding. Even as the state stands as the socializer of last resort, it also defines through law the terrain on which we are schooled into acceptable behavior. This title is also available in an Open Access edition

The politico-religious usage of the queen's chapel, 1623-1688

After setting its foundation within the context of prevailing domestic and international religious and political developments, the chief occupants of the Queen's Chapel under Henrietta Maria are revealed to be Oratorians. Their efforts and those of others associated with the Queen’s Chapel, such as Benedictines, Franciscans and Jesuits, are associated with different perspectives on ways to advance/restore Roman Catholicism, through conversions, the advocacy of religious liberty, the suspension of Penal Laws, or re-Unification with the Church of England. International structures of authority influencing these orders as they operated at the Queen’s Chapel are explored, ranging from internal structures of the catholic Church to foreign Embassies and secular diplomacy. Deploying primary research undertaken across Europe, this thesis argues that the revival of the Queen’s Chapel at the Restoration was more than a technicality in a Treaty; rather it reflected Charles II’s Catholicity, and ought to be seen in the context of other such manifestations typified by Bellings's Missions, the Secret Treaty of Dover, Acts of Indulgence and other actions. The choice, practice and actions of Benedictines, Jesuits, Arabadoes, and Queen’s Chapel attachments to the Chapel then take on a new significance. The Chapel is examined as a platform for calculated politico-religious sallies by book and sermon in preparation for, and defence of actions both of Charles II and his brother in favour of Catholicism. Chaplaincies and Devotions are examined, including the important ministry of Saint Claude de La Colombiere, whose legacy can be identified in the subsequent actions of James II. The study analyses the Chapel's architecture, music, and liturgy, as expressions of its politico-religious usage. The continuance of the Dowager Queen's Chapel following the "Old Pretender" hiatus and James II's exile in 1688 challenges the universality of "the Glorious Revolution", revealing thereby the international heritage of the Queen's Chapel

Increasing Transit Ridership: Lessons from the Most Successful Transit Systems in the 1990s, MTI Report-01-22

This study systematically examines recent trends in public transit ridership in the U.S. during the 1990s. Specifically, this analysis focuses on agencies that increased ridership during the latter half of the decade. While transit ridership increased steadily by 13 percent nationwide between 1995 and 1999, not all systems experienced ridership growth equally. While some agencies increased ridership dramatically, some did so only minimally, and still others lost riders. What sets these agencies apart from each other? What explains the uneven growth in ridership

Catalytic Asymmetric Transformation of Chiral Amines by Crystallisation with In-Situ Racemisation of Conglomerates

Optically pure chiral molecules account for an increasing number of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API’s); yet despite giving high enantiomeric excesses, existing techniques for obtaining pure enantiomers are hindered by low yields, high complexities, large waste streams, and hence high operational costs. Diastereomic crystallisation is the most commonly used resolution method and is capable of giving high enantiomeric excesses yet many additional processing stages are required to recover the desired enantiomer. If a racemate exists as a conglomerate, i.e. a mechanical mixture of discreet homochiral crystals, preferential crystallisation may be employed. However, both techniques are limited to a theoretical maximum yield of 50%. Coupling resolution by preferential crystallisation with organometallic catalysed racemisation in a crystallisation induced asymmetric transformation (CIAT) process may overcome these problems potentially giving a theoretical quantitative yield of a chosen enantiomer from an initially racemic solution in a single, efficient crystallisation step. CIAT was attempted under isothermal and polythermal conditions using the conglomerate diol hydrobenzoin and the organometallic catalyst chloro(indenyl)-bis-(triphenylphosphine)-ruthenium(II) for solution phase racemisation. Optically pure product crystals were obtained with chemical purities of up to 99.71% when isothermal temperature programmes were employed in short process runs yet only relatively low yields could be recovered. Under polythermal conditions, crystal yields were improved significantly whilst increases of up to 61.57% were observed in the total quantity of the desired (S,S)-hydrobenzoin enantiomer present in both the solid and solution phases at the end of the process indicating that CIAT had occurred. However, in all of the polythermal runs trialled, nucleation of the undesired counter enantiomer and meso forms of hydrobenzoin could not be avoided. This was found to be a result of the catalysts being completely consumed in a side reaction leading to racemisation ceasing to progress after approximately 1-2 h. Hence, as the seeded enantiomer continued to be crystallised, the concentrations of the undesired species were not reduced through transformation leading to them reaching their metastable solubility limits. CIAT of hydrobenzoin was also attempted using chloromonocarbonyltriphenylphosphine-(1,2,3,4,5-pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl)-ruthenium(II) which was shown to remain active for up to 5 days. However, over the course of the CIAT experiments which exceeded 2 h, hydrobenzoin in solution was converted to benzaldehyde via C-C bond cleavage which resulted in the seed crystals being completely dissolved

Bordered Floer homology and the spectral sequence of a branched double cover I

Given a link in the three-sphere, Z. Szab\'o and the second author constructed a spectral sequence starting at the Khovanov homology of the link and converging to the Heegaard Floer homology of its branched double-cover. The aim of this paper and its sequel is to explicitly calculate this spectral sequence, using bordered Floer homology. There are two primary ingredients in this computation: an explicit calculation of filtered bimodules associated to Dehn twists and a pairing theorem for polygons. In this paper we give the first ingredient, and so obtain a combinatorial spectral sequence from Khovanov homology to Heegaard Floer homology; in the sequel we show that this spectral sequence agrees with the previously known one.Comment: 45 pages, 16 figures. v2: Published versio

Verifiable Process Monitoring Through Enhanced Data Authentication

To ensure the peaceful intent for production and processing of nuclear fuel, verifiable process monitoring of the fuel production cycle is required. As part of a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)-EURATOM collaboration in the field of international nuclear safeguards, the DOE Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), the European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) and Directorate General-Energy (DG-ENER) developed and demonstrated a new concept in process monitoring, enabling the use of operator process information by branching a second, authenticated data stream to the Safeguards inspectorate. This information would be complementary to independent safeguards data, improving the understanding of the plant's operation. The concept is called the Enhanced Data Authentication System (EDAS). EDAS transparently captures, authenticates, and encrypts communication data that is transmitted between operator control computers and connected analytical equipment utilized in nuclear processes controls. The intent is to capture information as close to the sensor point as possible to assure the highest possible confidence in the branched data. Data must be collected transparently by the EDAS: Operator processes should not be altered or disrupted by the insertion of the EDAS as a monitoring system for safeguards. EDAS employs public key authentication providing `jointly verifiable' data and private key encryption for confidentiality. Timestamps and data source are also added to the collected data for analysis. The core of the system hardware is in a security enclosure with both active and passive tamper indication. Further, the system has the ability to monitor seals or other security devices in close proximity. This paper will discuss the EDAS concept, recent technical developments, intended application philosophy and the planned future progression of this system.JRC.E.9-Nuclear security (Ispra