Carbohydrate-derived surfactants containing an N-Acylated amine functionality : fundamental aspects and practical applications

Surfactants (a contraction of the term surface active agents) are large volume chemicals; their annual production exceeds 5 million tons worldwide. They are primarily used as cleaning agents in laundry and dish-washing applications. Surfactants are also applied in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, in manufacturing textiles and fibres, in the food industry, in paints and plastics, in the paper industry, in pesticides, and in the oil production process. Surfactants have a dualistic character; they possess a hydrophilic headgroup and a hydrophobic tail. In water, surfactants form aggregates in which the headgroups point towards water and the tails stick together. Classic types of surfactants are produced from petrochemical raw materials. In the long term, fossil feedstocks will be exhausted and products based on renewable materials will become more important. Growing consumer demands for "natural" products have also directed the search for new surfactants towards renewable sources. Therefore, our aim was to synthesize new, readily biodegradable, and nontoxic surfactants starting from renewable materials by routes that should be possible on a large scale. We based our surfactants on carbohydrates, fatty arnines, and anhydrides. The.carboxylic anhydrides can be prepared from naturally occurring fatty acids. An additional benefit of applying carbohydrates is the creation of a new markets for the abundant agricultural (by)products they are produced from. The two starting carbohydrates used in this thesis are glucose, derived from starch, and lactose, which is obtained from whey.

Pressure dependence and mechanism of Mn promotion of silica-supported Co catalyst in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction

The mechanism of Mn promotion of a silica-supported Co catalyst in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction has been studied at varying pressures up to 20 bar. IR spectroscopy in combination with DFT calculations suggest adsorbed CO is activated by reaction with an oxygen vacancy in the MnO, which covers the Co surface. This leads to a higher activity, higher CHx coverage and thus higher C5+ and lower CH4 selectivity. Increasing the pressure magnifies the selectivity differences. However, above around 4 bar, the effect of Mn on the selectivities is reversed and the C5+ selectivity is decreased by Mn addition. This is tentatively attributed to Mn promoting the C-O bond dissociation but not the chain growth. Formed monomers have to migrate to stepped sites for chain growth on the Co surface. Whilst this is migration is not impeded by co-adsorbates at low pressure, migration could be hindered by especially the high CO coverage at high pressure

[37th] ANNUAL REPORT OF THE FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 21, 1888.

Report fourteen from the sixth bound volume of ten which documents in part the first nineteen years of The Free Academy, the predecessor of the educational institution, City College of New York. COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. 1856-96. REPORTS OF THE FACULTY II, includes 21 individual reports. At a time when municipal education constituted primary schooling, citizens united in response to arguments presented by a merchant and Board of Education President, Townsend Harris, for the necessity of an institution that would provide advanced training for future generations of citizens to fully engage in the professions advantageous to an expanding urban center. Includes preliminary reports that commented on the application of resources for the creation of the institution and the annual reports of the faculty, demonstrating accountability to the Board of Education with regard to the operation of the facility., [37th] ANNUAL REPORT OF THE FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 21, 1888. [6 pages ([325]-330), 1888], RG