Study of diaphragmatic muscle function during abdominal weight in normal subjects

Los efectos de las cargas en el abdomen con el objeto de producir entrenamiento del diafragma, no han sido suficientemente evaluados. Estudiamos la función del diafragma durante la colocación de cargas sobre el abdomen y con cambios en el patrón respiratorio. Se estudiaron 6 voluntarios normales. Se obtuvo flujo en la boca, presión gástrica (Pga), presión esofágica (Pes), movimiento torácico (TX) y abdominal (AB), presión inspiratoria máxima (PImax) y presión transdiafragmática media (Pdi) y máxima (Pdimax). Se calculó la relación Pdi/Pdimax y el índice tensión-tiempo del diafragma (TTdi). Etapas: patrón normal (PN), patrón abdominal (PA) y carga de 1, 2, 4 y 6 kg con PN y PA. El PA fue facilitado por las cargas sobre el abdomen. Solo con 6 kg (PN y PA) la Pga a capacidad residual funcional aumentó significativamente (p 0.001). La Pdi siguió a las variaciones de la Pga y aumentó con todos los PA (p < 0.001). Con PA y carga el índice TTdi alcanzó un valor de 0.05 ± 0.02 (p < 0.001). Las cargas no aumentaron este índice más de lo que hizo el PA solo. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que las cargas sobre el abdomen aumentan la propiocepción relacionada con los movimientos respiratorios y descenso del diafragma. Las cargas producen cambios leves en la mecánica del diafragma (en sujetos normales, 1/3 de la carga necesaria para desarrollar fatiga). En sujetos normales estos cambios parecen ser insuficientes para producir entrenamiento de los músculos respiratorios.The effects of the abdominal weight with the intention of producing training of the diaphragm, have not been sufficiently evaluated. We studied the function of the diaphragm during the abdominal weight training and during associated changes in the respiratory pattern. Six normal volunteers were studied. Flow at the mouth at functional residual capacity (FRC) was obtained as well as gastric pressure (Pga), esophageal pressure (Pes), thoracic and abdominal movements, maximal inspiratory pressure and mean and maximal transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi and Pdi max). Pdi/Pdimax and the diaphragm tension-time index (TTdi) were calculated. Studied steps: normal pattern (NP), abdominal pattern (AP) and weight of 1, 2, 4 and 6 kg with NP and AP as well. We found 1) The AP was facilitated by the abdominal weight, 2) Only with 6 kg (NP and AP) the Pga at FRC increased significantly (p 0.001), 3) the Pdi followed the variations of the Pga and increased with all the AP (p < 0.001), 4) The index TTdi load reached a value of 0.05 ± 0.02 (p < 0.001). The charges did not increase this rate more than did the AP alone. Our findings suggest abdominal weight increases propioception related to the respiratory movements and descent of the diaphragm. The loads on the abdomen produce minor changes in mechanics of the diaphragm (1/3 of the load required to develop fatigue in normal subjects). Al least in normal subjects these changes appear to be insufficient to produce respiratory muscle training.Fil: Monteiro, Sergio G.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Pessolano, Fernando A.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Suarez, Adrián A.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; ArgentinaFil: de Vito, Eduardo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Study of diaphragmatic muscle function during abdominal weight in normal subjects

Los efectos de las cargas en el abdomen con el objeto de producir entrenamiento del diafragma, no han sido suficientemente evaluados. Estudiamos la función del diafragma durante la colocación de cargas sobre el abdomen y con cambios en el patrón respiratorio. Se estudiaron 6 voluntarios normales. Se obtuvo flujo en la boca, presión gástrica (Pga), presión esofágica (Pes), movimiento torácico (TX) y abdominal (AB), presión inspiratoria máxima (PImax) y presión transdiafragmática media (Pdi) y máxima (Pdimax). Se calculó la relación Pdi/Pdimax y el índice tensión-tiempo del diafragma (TTdi). Etapas: patrón normal (PN), patrón abdominal (PA) y carga de 1, 2, 4 y 6 kg con PN y PA. El PA fue facilitado por las cargas sobre el abdomen. Solo con 6 kg (PN y PA) la Pga a capacidad residual funcional aumentó significativamente (p 0.001). La Pdi siguió a las variaciones de la Pga y aumentó con todos los PA (p < 0.001). Con PA y carga el índice TTdi alcanzó un valor de 0.05 ± 0.02 (p < 0.001). Las cargas no aumentaron este índice más de lo que hizo el PA solo. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que las cargas sobre el abdomen aumentan la propiocepción relacionada con los movimientos respiratorios y descenso del diafragma. Las cargas producen cambios leves en la mecánica del diafragma (en sujetos normales, 1/3 de la carga necesaria para desarrollar fatiga). En sujetos normales estos cambios parecen ser insuficientes para producir entrenamiento de los músculos respiratorios.The effects of the abdominal weight with the intention of producing training of the diaphragm, have not been sufficiently evaluated. We studied the function of the diaphragm during the abdominal weight training and during associated changes in the respiratory pattern. Six normal volunteers were studied. Flow at the mouth at functional residual capacity (FRC) was obtained as well as gastric pressure (Pga), esophageal pressure (Pes), thoracic and abdominal movements, maximal inspiratory pressure and mean and maximal transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi and Pdi max). Pdi/Pdimax and the diaphragm tension-time index (TTdi) were calculated. Studied steps: normal pattern (NP), abdominal pattern (AP) and weight of 1, 2, 4 and 6 kg with NP and AP as well. We found 1) The AP was facilitated by the abdominal weight, 2) Only with 6 kg (NP and AP) the Pga at FRC increased significantly (p 0.001), 3) the Pdi followed the variations of the Pga and increased with all the AP (p < 0.001), 4) The index TTdi load reached a value of 0.05 ± 0.02 (p < 0.001). The charges did not increase this rate more than did the AP alone. Our findings suggest abdominal weight increases propioception related to the respiratory movements and descent of the diaphragm. The loads on the abdomen produce minor changes in mechanics of the diaphragm (1/3 of the load required to develop fatigue in normal subjects). Al least in normal subjects these changes appear to be insufficient to produce respiratory muscle training.Fil: Monteiro, Sergio G.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Pessolano, Fernando A.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Suarez, Adrián A.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; ArgentinaFil: de Vito, Eduardo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Mesoglycan connects Syndecan-4 and VEGFR2 through Annexin A1 and formyl peptide receptors to promote angiogenesis in vitro.

Mesoglycan is a mixture of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) with fibrinolytic effects and the potential to enhance skin wound repair. Here, we have used endothelial cells isolated from Wild Type (WT) and Syndecan-4 null (Sdc4-/-) C57BL/6 mice to demonstrate that mesoglycan promotes cell motility and in vitro angiogenesis acting on the co-receptor Syndecan-4 (SDC4). This latter is known to participate in the formation and release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). We characterized EVs released by HUVECs and assessed their effect on angiogenesis. Particularly, we focused on Annexin A1 (ANXA1) containing EVs, since they may contribute to tube formation via interactions with Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs). In our model, the bond ANXA1-FPRs stimulates the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) that interacts with vascular endothelial receptor-2 (VEGFR2) and activates the pathway enhancing cell motility in an autocrine manner, as shown by Wound-Healing/invasion assays, and the induction of Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EndMT). Thus, we have shown for the first time that mesoglycan exerts its pro-angiogenic effects in the healing process triggering the activation of the three interconnected molecular axis: mesoglycan-SDC4, EVs-ANXA1-FPRs and VEGF-A-VEGFR2

Recovery of dialysis patients with COVID-19 : health outcomes 3 months after diagnosis in ERACODA

Background. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related short-term mortality is high in dialysis patients, but longer-term outcomes are largely unknown. We therefore assessed patient recovery in a large cohort of dialysis patients 3 months after their COVID-19 diagnosis. Methods. We analyzed data on dialysis patients diagnosed with COVID-19 from 1 February 2020 to 31 March 2021 from the European Renal Association COVID-19 Database (ERACODA). The outcomes studied were patient survival, residence and functional and mental health status (estimated by their treating physician) 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis. Complete follow-up data were available for 854 surviving patients. Patient characteristics associated with recovery were analyzed using logistic regression. Results. In 2449 hemodialysis patients (mean ± SD age 67.5 ± 14.4 years, 62% male), survival probabilities at 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis were 90% for nonhospitalized patients (n = 1087), 73% for patients admitted to the hospital but not to an intensive care unit (ICU) (n = 1165) and 40% for those admitted to an ICU (n = 197). Patient survival hardly decreased between 28 days and 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis. At 3 months, 87% functioned at their pre-existent functional and 94% at their pre-existent mental level. Only few of the surviving patients were still admitted to the hospital (0.8-6.3%) or a nursing home (∼5%). A higher age and frailty score at presentation and ICU admission were associated with worse functional outcome. Conclusions. Mortality between 28 days and 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis was low and the majority of patients who survived COVID-19 recovered to their pre-existent functional and mental health level at 3 months after diagnosis

Impact of primary kidney disease on the effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease: secondary analyses of the EMPA-KIDNEY trial

Background: The EMPA KIDNEY trial showed that empagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary composite outcome of kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death in patients with chronic kidney disease mainly through slowing progression. We aimed to assess how effects of empagliflozin might differ by primary kidney disease across its broad population. Methods: EMPA-KIDNEY, a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, was conducted at 241 centres in eight countries (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the UK, and the USA). Patients were eligible if their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 20 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or 45 to less than 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of 200 mg/g or higher at screening. They were randomly assigned (1:1) to 10 mg oral empagliflozin once daily or matching placebo. Effects on kidney disease progression (defined as a sustained ≥40% eGFR decline from randomisation, end-stage kidney disease, a sustained eGFR below 10 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or death from kidney failure) were assessed using prespecified Cox models, and eGFR slope analyses used shared parameter models. Subgroup comparisons were performed by including relevant interaction terms in models. EMPA-KIDNEY is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03594110. Findings: Between May 15, 2019, and April 16, 2021, 6609 participants were randomly assigned and followed up for a median of 2·0 years (IQR 1·5–2·4). Prespecified subgroupings by primary kidney disease included 2057 (31·1%) participants with diabetic kidney disease, 1669 (25·3%) with glomerular disease, 1445 (21·9%) with hypertensive or renovascular disease, and 1438 (21·8%) with other or unknown causes. Kidney disease progression occurred in 384 (11·6%) of 3304 patients in the empagliflozin group and 504 (15·2%) of 3305 patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·71 [95% CI 0·62–0·81]), with no evidence that the relative effect size varied significantly by primary kidney disease (pheterogeneity=0·62). The between-group difference in chronic eGFR slopes (ie, from 2 months to final follow-up) was 1·37 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (95% CI 1·16–1·59), representing a 50% (42–58) reduction in the rate of chronic eGFR decline. This relative effect of empagliflozin on chronic eGFR slope was similar in analyses by different primary kidney diseases, including in explorations by type of glomerular disease and diabetes (p values for heterogeneity all &gt;0·1). Interpretation: In a broad range of patients with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression, including a wide range of non-diabetic causes of chronic kidney disease, empagliflozin reduced risk of kidney disease progression. Relative effect sizes were broadly similar irrespective of the cause of primary kidney disease, suggesting that SGLT2 inhibitors should be part of a standard of care to minimise risk of kidney failure in chronic kidney disease. Funding: Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, and UK Medical Research Council

Territorio, fortificazioni, città. Difese del Regno e della sua capitale in età borbonica

Difese del Regno di Napoli e della sua capitale in età borbonic

Dai disegni alle incisioni. L'immagine del Regno di Napoli tra Seicento e Settecento

Dai disegni alle incisioni. L'immagine del Regno di Napoli tra Seicento e Settecent

Immagini di Napoli e del Regno. Le raccolte di Francesco Cassiano de Silva

Nel volume si propone l'approfondimento della figura e dell'opera di Francesco Cassiano de Silva attraverso lo studio critico di inedite raccolte manoscritte. Particolare attenzione è stata dedicata all'analisi dell'Album conservato a Vienna nella Österreichische Nationalbibliotek, nel quale il Cassiano intraprende l'ambizioso programma di illustrare Napoli e l'intero Regno con numerose vedute della capitale e di 175 centri urbani, accompagnate da concise ma efficaci annotazioni. Un quadro ancor più significativo della maturità raggiunta dal De Silva e del rilievo che la sua figura assunse nel panorama degli incisori vedutisti attivi tra il XVII e il XVIII secolo è stato possibile in virtù del rinvenimento negli archivi europei di altre due raccolte, del tutto inedite, nelle quali con tavole di indubbia qualità, ricche di significativi dettagli, veniva offerto ai committenti una immagine efficace del Viceregno (Vienna Kriegs archiv) e del Regno di Spagna con la sua capitale (Museo Lazaro Galdiano a Madrid). Lo studio dei disegni e dei testi manoscritti insieme all'analisi delle incisioni più interessanti e innovative utilizzate nelle guide napoletane sin dai primi anni del Settecento, firmate dal de Silva o a lui con certezza ascrivibili, gli ha restituito il merito di aver rinnovato con mano assai felice , il modo di rappresentare centri abitati e contesti urbani. La sua indubbia abilità nel controllo delle 'prospettive' alla grande e alla piccola scala e la consapevolezza che le sue vedute avevano la stessa capacità dei testi nel veicolare informazioni, rendono il suo lavoro innovativo nell'impostazione del rapporto tra testo e figura e lo qualificano per la preziosa testimonianza di specificità urbane e territoriali di numerosi centri abitati, mai prima rappresentati, e di particolari contesti della capitale e dei suoi dintorni così come si presentavano negli anni a cavallo tra Seicento e Settecento. Il lavoro, risultato della ricerca portata avanti in perfetta sintonia da Giosi Amirante e Maria Raffaela Pessolano e da entrambe condotta in molte biblioteche e archivi europei, è stata condivisa a tal punto da far ritenere alle autrici impossibile l'attribuzione di singoli capitoli