Estimation and reconstruction of facial creases based on skull crease morphology

This research explores the relationships between the facial creases and the morphology of the underlying skull for supplementary use during forensic facial reconstruction. The correlation between skull morphology and the patterns of facial creases was obtained using the three-dimensional (3D) skull surface scans from the William Bass skeletal collection at the University of Tennessee, USA, which also provided the related ante-mortem face photographs. Superimposition of the facial crease patterns seen in a face photograph with the related skull image enabled the visual analysis of the correlation between the crease and the skull morphology. Qualitative analysis indicated that the infraorbital crease follows the outline of the orbit in 52% of the subjects, while the nasolabial fold (NLF) relates to the canine fossa in 95% of the subjects. The infraorbital crease and NLF were reconstructed in a blind study using ten 3D surface scan skull models and related face photographs from the Helmer collection available in the Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, the University of Dundee, UK. Correct prediction was obtained in six specimens (60%). One inconclusive result was due to poor photograph quality and three inaccurate results showed an overestimation of the NLF strength although the location of the crease manifestation was correct

ArteFill® Permanent Injectable for Soft Tissue Augmentation: II. Indications and Applications

Patients ask for procedures with long-lasting effects. ArteFill is the first permanent injectable approved in 2006 by the FDA for nasolabial folds. It consists of cleaned microspheres of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) suspended in bovine collagen. Over the development period of 20 years most of its side effects have been eliminated to achieve the same safety standard as today’s hyaluronic acid products. A 5-year follow-up study in U.S. clinical trial patients has shown the same wrinkle improvement as seen at 6 months. Long-term follow-up in European Artecoll patients has shown successful wrinkle correction lasting up to 15 years. A wide variety of off-label indications and applications have been developed that help the physician meet the individual needs of his/her patients. Serious complications after ArteFill injections, such as granuloma formation, have not been reported due to the reduction of PMMA microspheres smaller than 20 μm to less than 1% “by the number.” Minor technique-related side effects, however, may occur during the initial learning curve. Patient and physician satisfaction with ArteFill has been shown to be greater than 90%

Expansion of the Preimmune Antibody Repertoire by Junctional Diversity in Bos taurus

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