Suomussalmen esihistoria, ensimmäinen miljardivuotta granitoidien koostumusten ja isotooppien valossa

The four papers summarized in this thesis deal with the Archean and earliest Paleoproterozoic granitoid suites observed in the Suomussalmi district, eastern Finland. Geologically, the area belongs to the Kianta Complex of the Western Karelian Terrane in the Karelian Province of the Fennoscandian shield. The inherited zircons up to 3440 Ma old together with Sm Nd and Pb Pb data confirm the existence of previously anticipated Paleoarchean protocrust in Suomussalmi. The general timeline of granitoid magmatism is similar to that of the surrounding areas. TTG magmatism occurred in three distinct phases: ca 2.95 Ga, 2.83 2.78 Ga and 2.76 2.74 Ga. In Suomussalmi the TTGs sensu stricto (K2O/Na2O less than 0.5) belong to the low-HREE type and are interpreted as partial melts of garnet amphibolites, which did not significantly interact with mantle peridotites. Transitional TTGs (K2O/Na2O more than 0.5), present in Suomussalmi and absent from surrounding areas, display higher LILE concentrations, but otherwise closely resemble the TTGs sensu stricto and indicate that recycling of felsic crust commenced in Suomussalmi 200 Ma earlier than in surrounding areas. The youngest TTG phase was coeval with the intrusion of the Likamännikkö quartz alkali feldspar syenite (2741 ± 2 Ma) complex. The complex contains angular fragments of ultrabasic rock, which display considerable compositional heterogeneity and are interpreted as cumulates containing clinopyroxene (generally altered to actinolite), apatite, allanite, epidote, and albite. The quartz alkali feldspar syenite cannot be regarded as alkaline sensu stricto, despite clear alkaline affinities. Within Likamännikkö there are also calcite carbonatite patches, which display mantle-like O- and C-isotope values, as well as trace element characteristics consistent with a magmatic origin, and could thus be among the oldest known carbonatites in the world. Sanukitoid (2.73 2.71 Ga) and quartz diorite suites (2.70 Ga) overlap within error margins and display compositional similarities, but can be differentiated from each other on the basis of higher Ba, K2O and LREE contents of the sanukitoids. The Likamännikkö complex, sanukitoids and quartz diorites are interpreted as originating from the metasomatized mantle and mark the diversification of the granitoid clan after 200 Ma of evolution dominated by the TTG suite. Widespread migmatization and the intrusion of anatectic leucogranitoids as dykes and intrusions of varying size took place at 2.70 2.69 Ga, following collisional thickening of the crust. The leucogranitoids and leucosomes of migmatized TTGs are compositionally alike and characterized by high silica contents and a leucocratic appearance. Due to compositional overlap, definitive discrimination between leucogranitoids and transitional TTGs requires isotope datings and/or knowledge of field relationships. Leucogranitoids represent partial melts of the local TTGs, both the sensu stricto and transitional types, mostly derived under water fluxed conditions, with possible fluid sources being late sanukitoids and quartz diorites as well as dehydrating lower crust. The Paleoproterozoic 2.44 2.39 Ga A-type granitoids of the Kianta Complex emplaced in an extensional environment are linked to the coeval and more widespread mafic intrusions and dykes observed over most of the Archean nucleus of the Fennoscandian shield. The A-type intrusions in the Suomussalmi area are interpreted as partial melts of the Archean lower crust and display differences in composition and magnetite content, which indicate differences in the composition and oxidation state of the source.Suomussalmen ja koko Itä-Suomen kallioperä kuuluu Suomen, ja myös Euroopan unionin, vanhimpiin. Se koostuu pääasiassa granitoideista eli graniitin kaltaisista kivilajeista ja on suurimmaksi osaksi muodostunut arkeeisella ajalla yli 2500 miljoonaa vuotta sitten. Viimeaikoina arkeeisen tutkimuksen polttopisteessä on ollut kysymys siitä kuinka paljon, jos ollenkaan, silloinen laattatektoniikka muistutti nykyisin havaittavaa systeemiä. Tätä kysymystä voidaan arvioida tutkimalla granitoidien kemiallisia- ja isotooppikoostumuksesta saatavien vihjeiden avulla. Tutkimuksen tulokset vahvistavat aiemmat viitteet siitä että alueen geologinen historia ulottuu yli 3000 miljoonan vuoden taakse. Tämä voidaan osoittaa muun muassa yksittäisten zirkoni-mineraalikiteiden uraani-lyijy isotooppisuhteiden avulla. Vanhimmat kivet alueella ovat noin 2950 miljoonaa vuotta vanhoja, pääosan ollessa 2800 2700 miljoonaa vuotta vanhoja. Noin 2700 miljoonaa vuotta sitten mannerkuori alueella paksuuntui pienempien mannerlaattojen törmätessä toisiinsa, tähän paksuuntumiseen liittyvän lämpenemisen seurauksena vanhemmat kivilajit osittain sulivat ja syntyi alueelle tyypilliset migmatiitit eli seoskivet. Törmäysvaihetta seurasi pitkä rauhallinen jakso, joka päättyi 2440 miljoonaa vuotta sitten koostumukseltaan Etelä-Suomen suuria rapakivimassiiveja muistuttavien graniittien tunkeutuessa vanhaan mannerkuoreen, sen repeämisen alkuvaiheissa. Tutkimuksien yhteydessä löydettiin Suomussalmen Likamänniköstä 2740 miljoonaa vuotta vanha kvartsi-alkalimääsälpäsyeniitti, joka edustaa aiemmin arkeeiselta ajalta tuntematonta kivilajityyppiä maassamme. Vastaavan koostumuksisia ja ikäisiä intruusioita tunnetaan maailmaltakin vain muutamia, lähinnä Pohjois-Norjasta, Grönlannista ja Kanadasta Alueen granitoidien kemiallisissa- ja isotooppikoostumuksissa ei ole havaittavissa viitteitä nykyisen kaltaisesta laattatektoniikasta, jossa merellinen kuori painuu mantereisen alle, ennen kuin noin 2750 miljoonaa vuotta sitten. Tämän jälkeen alueen granitoidien koostumukset muuttuvat ja samalla monipuolistuvat, osoittaen vallinneen laattatektoniikan luonteen muuttuneen enemmän nykyistä muistuttavaksi. Paitsi puhtaan tieteellisesti mielenkiintoisia, tutkimuksen tuloksena saavutettu parempi kokonaiskuva kallioperän kehityksestä auttaa myös alueella tapahtuvaa malminetsintää

1.88 Ga granitoids at Sorsakoski, Central Finland: A-type magmatism within the Raahe-Ladoga suture zone

Four quartz monzonite – granite intrusions forming the Sorsakoski granite lithodeme, are found within the Raahe-Ladoga suture zone in Central Finland. The prevailing potassium feldspar megacrystic quartz monzonites and granites form a bimodal association with diorites and gabbros. The granitoids are mainly calc-alkaline, ferroan, per- to metaluminous, and have high Zr and REE contents. Dominant mafic minerals are biotite and hornblende, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene are locally present. The mafic units display effects of fractionation of clinopyroxene. In our interpretation, these intrusions were emplaced during regional late stages of deformation and postcrystallisation deformation partitioned into major shear zones leaving bulk of the intrusions relatively undeformed. Based on one new (1876 ± 6 Ma) and one pre-existing (1882 ± 5 Ma) U-Pb zircon age determination, the crystallisation age of the granitoids can be assumed at ca. 1880 Ma. Based on mineralogy, petrography, geochemistry, bimodal nature of magmatism and age, we correlate these intrusions to the A-type rocks of the previously described Saarijärvi suite. This shows that the syn-orogenic A-type magmatism extended eastwards beyond the Central Finland Granitoid Complex

Ravitsemuskirjaaminen ortopedisella kuntoutusosastolla ja sen jatkohoitopaikoissa

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää ravitsemuskirjausten tasoa Turun sosiaali- ja terveystoimen ( SoTe) ortopedisella kuntoutusosastolla sekä sen jatkohoitopaikoissa. Tutkimus on osa Turun SoTe:n isompaa HoiDok-hanketta, jonka tarkoituksena on jalkauttaa valtakunnallinen ydintietoihin perustuva rakenteinen kirjaamismalli Turun SoTe:een. Aineistona käytettiin Turun SoTe:n ortopedisen kuntoutusosaston, joka jakaantuu kahteen eri osastoon, 26 potilaan hoitokertomuksia ravitsemuksen osalta. Tutkimusaineistot otettiin molemmilta osastoilta. Tutkimusosastolta otettiin tutkimusaineistoon kaikki 13 lääketieteelliseen interventioon (Rav-Lon) kuuluvaa potilasta huhtikuun ja marraskuun 2010 väliseltä ajalta. Vertailuosastolta otettiin 13 potilasta tutkimusaineistoon systemaattisella otannalla. Tutkimusosaston hoitohenkilökunta oli saanut erillisen ravitsemuskirjaamista koskevan kirjallisen ohjeen. Aineiston mittarina toimi analyysirunko, joka mittasi neljää kokonaisuutta hoitokertomuksista. Nämä neljä kokonaisuutta muodostivat samalla tutkimuksen tutkimusongelmat, jotka olivat: minkälainen on ravitsemushoidon hoitosuunnitelma?,Miten ravitsemushoidon toteutusta on kirjattu? Miten ravitsemushoidon arviointia on kirjattu? Ja minkälainen on jatkohoitopaikkojen hoitosuunnitelma ravitsemushoidon osalta? Tutkimus suoritettiin kvantitatiivisena tutkimuksena ja aineisto käsiteltiin deduktiivisella sisällönanalyysillä. Tutkimus- ja vertailuryhmän ravitsemuskirjaukset olivat puutteellisia. Tutkimusryhmän kirjaaminen oli kuitenkin kattavampaa ja parempaa kuin vertailuryhmällä. Jatkohoitopaikkojen hoitosuunnitelmat ravitsemuksen osalta olivat erittäin puutteellisia tai niitä ei ollut tehty. Tutkimustulokset osoittivat, että jo vähäisellä ravitsemukseen liittyvällä kirjallisella ohjeistamisella on vaikutusta ravitsemuksen kirjaamiseen. Tutkimusryhmän ravitsemuskirjaukset näyttävät olevan parempia saadun kirjaamisohjeen vuoksi. Jotta ravitsemuksen kirjaaminen olisi laadukasta ja yhteneväistä koko Turun SoTe:ssa, voisi olla hyödyllistä laatia koko Turun SoTe:lle yhtenäinen ja kattava ravitsemusta koskeva kirjaamisohje.The aim of this research was investigate how documentation of nutrition had been done in Turku`s healthcare system in orthopedic rehabilitation ward and it`s continuation wards. This research is part of a larger project called HoiDok in Turku municipal social services and healthcare department. The aim of HoiDok-project is to get national structured documentation model, which is based on main points of documentation to be part of whole Turku`s healthcare. The material for this research, which contains 26 patients’ (13+13) documentation of nutrition, had been given from Turku`s municipal social services and healthcare department orthopedic rehabilitation ward, which was divided into two different ward. Thirteen patients, who belonged to medical intervention (Rav-Lon), were taken from research ward to research material from April to November in 2010. Thirteen patients were taken from compare ward into the research material with a systematic sample. The personnel in research group had been given literary direction for documentation of nutrition. The material was analyzed with questionnaire form, which measured four different things: what kind of nutritional care plan is? How nutritional care completion has been documented? How nutritional care estimation has been documented? What kind of care plan has been done in nutritional care in continuation wards? The research was made as a quantitative research and the material was analyzed with deductive method. Nutritional documentations were insufficient in both groups. The quality of documentation was better and more comprehensive in research group than in compare group. Concerning nutrition, care plans for continuation ward`s were insufficient in both groups. Documentation of nutrition seems to be better in research group because of literary direction. The results indicate that a little literary direction has effect for quality of nutritional documentation. Therefore it would be useful to create collective policy for nutritional documenting concerning whole Turku`s municipal social services and healthcare department

Force approximation of the human hand in contact with a climbing wall handle

This paper presents a new algorithm that approximates the forces that develop between a human hand and the handles of a climbing wall. A hand-to-handle model was developed using this algorithm for the Open Dynamics Engine physics solver, which can be plugged into a full-body climbing simulation to improve results. The model data are based on biomechanical measurements of the average population presented in previously published research. The main objective of this work was to identify maximum forces given hand orientation and force direction with respect to the climbing wall handles. Stated as a nonlinear programming problem, solution was achieved by applying a stochastic Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES). The algorithm for force approximation works consistently and provides reasonable results when gravity is neglected. However, including gravity results in a number of issues. Since the weight of the hand is small in relation to the hand-to-handle forces, neglecting gravity does not significantly affect the reliability and quality of the solution.Peer reviewe

Automated Excavator Based on Reinforcement Learning and Multibody System Dynamics

| openaire: EC/H2020/845600/EU//RealFlexFully autonomous earth-moving heavy equipment able to operate without human intervention can be seen as the primary goal of automated earth construction. To achieve this objective requires that the machines have the ability to adapt autonomously to complex and changing environments. Recent developments in automation have focused on the application of different machine learning approaches, of which the use of reinforcement learning algorithms is considered the most promising. The key advantage of reinforcement learning is the ability of the system to learn, adapt and work independently in a dynamic environment. This article investigates an application of reinforcement learning algorithm for heavy mining machinery automation. To this end, the training associated with reinforcement learning is done using the multibody approach. The procedure used combines a multibody approach and proximal policy optimization with a covariance matrix adaptation learning algorithm to simulate an autonomous excavator. The multibodymodel includes a representation of the hydraulic system, multiple sensors observing the state of the excavator and deformable ground. The task of loading a hopper with soil taken from a chosen point on the ground is simulated. The excavator is trained to load the hopper effectively within a given time while avoiding collisions with the ground and the hopper. The proposed system demonstrates the desired behavior after short training times.Peer reviewe

Alkaline-rich quartz syenite intrusions of the Western Karelia subprovince

Tables detailing geochemical analyses, analytical data for the five age samples and oxygen-isotope analyses from this stud

The tectonomagmatic significance of Neoarchaean variably alkali-enriched gabbro and diorite intrusions of the western Karelia Province

Table detailing oxygen-isotope analyses from this study

Evidence of crustal growth during the Svecofennian orogeny : New isotopic data from the central parts of the Paleoproterozoic Central Finland Granitoid Complex

Peer reviewe