Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto (Schwabe)

The filamentous hemibiotrophic ascomycete, Fusarium graminearum (FG) (teleomorph: Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch) produces type B trichothecene mycotoxins. These include deoxynivalenol (DON or vomitoxin), nivalenol (NIV) and their derivatives. It is a member of FG species complex (FGSC) which includes 16 phylogenetic species such as Fusarium pseudograminearum and Fusarium meridionale, which are found in Australasia

Cladobotryum spp. Nees emend. (syn. Dactylium Nees)

Historically, the soil habiting fungus Cladobotryum dendroides (Teleopmorh- Hypomyces rosellus) is the main causal agent of cobweb disease of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus. However, there are several Cladobotryum species that cause cobweb disease in commercially cultivated white button mushroom and other economically and wild edible mushrooms .The Cladobotryum protrusum genome is the first complete genome to be sequenced in the genus Cladobotryum (39.09 Mb)

The regulation of television sports broadcasting: a comparative analysis

Based on seven different sports broadcasting markets (Australia, Brazil, Italy, India, South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States), this article provides a comparative analysis of the regulation of television sports broadcasting. The article examines how contrasting perspectives on television and sport – economic and sociocultural – have been reflected in two main approaches to the regulation of sports broadcasting, namely competition law and major events legislation. The results of this analysis suggest that in many cases, the balance between commerce and culture in sports broadcasting has shifted too far in favour of the commercial interests of dominant pay-TV operators and sports organisations. Here, the case is made for the pursuit of an approach to sports broadcasting regulation that seeks to balance the commercial priorities of broadcasters and sports organisations with the wider sociocultural benefits citizens gain from freeto- air sports broadcasting

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

Characteristics of the memory sources of dreams: A new version of the content-matching paradigm to take mundane and remote memories into account

Several studies have demonstrated that dream content is related to the waking life of the dreamer. However, the characteristics of the memory sources incorporated into dreams are still unclear. We designed a new protocol to investigate remote memories and memories of trivial experiences, both relatively unexplored in dream content until now. Upon awakening, for 7 days, participants identified the waking life elements (WLEs) related to their dream content and characterized them and their dream content on several scales to assess notably emotional valence. Thanks to this procedure, they could report WLEs from the whole lifespan, and mundane ones before they had been forgotten. Participants (N = 40, 14 males, age = 25.2 ± 7.6) reported 6.2 ± 2.0 dreams on average. For each participant, 83.4% ± 17.8 of the dream reports were related to one or more WLEs. Among all the WLEs incorporated into dreams dated by the participants (79.3 ± 19%), 40.2 ± 30% happened the day before the dream, 26.1 ± 26% the month before (the day before excluded), 15.8 ± 21% the year before the dream (the month before excluded), and 17.9 ± 24% happened more than one year before the dream. As could be expected from previous studies, the majority of the WLEs incorporated into dreams were scored as important by the dreamers. However, this was not true for incorporated WLEs dating from the day before the dream. In agreement with Freud’s observations, the majority of the day residues were scored as mundane. Finally, for both positive and negative WLEs incorporated into dreams, the dreamt version of the WLE was rated as emotionally less intense than the original WLE. This result, showing that dreams tend to attenuate the emotional tone of waking-life memories towards a more neutral one, argues in favor of the emotional regulation hypothesis of dreaming

Improved contrast of Acid Fuchsin stain using UV fluorescence microscopy

Acid Fuchsin (AF) stain is used for the detection of plant pathogenic nematodes within host roots under light microscopy. Nematodes within host roots appear magenta in colour due to the stain penetrating the impermeable cuticle during the heat treatment step in the staining protocol i.e. boiling in AF solution. AF stained nematode infected plant root samples are stored for a short period in acidified glycerol solution or observed as soon as possible under the microscope. However, if stored for a longer period in acidified glycerol solution, the stain within the nematodes decreases in intensity leading to a loss of contrast between the nematodes and plant roots. AF is a red fluorochrome (Emmax 630nm) under ‘green light’ excitation when UV fluorescence is used. If the microscope is not equipped with a ‘green light’ excitation filter, AF can be excited under ‘blue light’ exhibiting a dull red fluorescence signal at pH values below 6. UV fluorescence under ‘blue light’ excitation was used as an alternative means to observe AF destained Meloidogyne sp. infected tomato root samples stored for a long period in acidified glycerol solution