Napoléon Bonaparte, une vie comme un roman...

Napoléon Bonaparte est né le 15 août 1769 à Ajaccio, en Corse. En 1796, l’Angleterre et l’Autriche sont en guerre contre la France et Bonaparte prend la tête de l’armée d’Italie pour aller attaquer les Autrichiens qu’il bat à Lodi, Arcole et Rivoli. Quant à l’Angleterre, il décide de l’attaquer en Égypte pour couper les routes commerciales vers les colonies anglaises des Indes. En 1798, Bonaparte gagne donc l’Égypte avec une armée, mais aussi des savants chargés d’étudier le pays. Cependant, ..

Éléments pour une mise en perspective de la défense de Bucarest à la fin du XIXe siècle

La place forte de Bucarest suscita le renseignement. Cette capitale récente fut voulue comme l’expression d’une affirmation au même niveau que Paris, Rome ou les ensembles belges et allemands. Avant une étude comparative et chiffrée de ce vaste chantier, qui à la fois provoquait des expérimentations (coupoles cuirassées) et de vifs débats sur la pertinence de la fortification permanente face au développement des nouveaux explosifs brisants, la présentation des témoignages conservés dans la documentation réunie par le service des cuirassements de la direction du génie s’imposait. La Roumanie peut être comparée ainsi aux statistiques sur les réalisations blindées implantées dans les places jugées stratégiques sur les territoires des puissances considérées comme majeures dans les relations internationales. Si les dossiers anglais manquent, le Brésil est présent ainsi qu’un projet américain. Derrière les comparaisons de tourelles et la volonté de défense après les amputations de 1871, sont perçues les rivalités commerciales des industries d’armement.Some evidence for a perspective on the defences of Bucharest at the end of the 19th Century. As a fortified strongpoint, Bucharest attracted intelligence-gatherers. The Romanians wanted to give their city and its recently acquired capital status the same standing enjoyed by Paris, Rome or the Belgian and German agglomerations. Before essaying a comparative and statistically-based study of the vast building site that was Bucharest – one that saw experimentation (armoured gun cupolas) and lively debates about the relevance of permanent fortifications in the face of the development of new and shattering explosives – we need to consider the presentation of the witness-statements conserved in the documentation assembled by the Armouring Section of the Directorate of Engineering. Romania can thus be compared to the statistics about armoured emplacements erected in places judged of strategic importance on the soil of what were then considered the major powers in the international arena. If we lack British documentation, we do possess evidence about Brazil and for an American project. And lurking behind the comparison of turrets and the determination to mount an effective national defence after the territorial amputations of 1871, the commercial rivalry between armaments industries is also to clearly discernible

High conductivity in Si-doped GaN wires

4 pagesInternational audienceTemperature-dependent resistivity measurements have been performed on single Si-doped GaN microwires grown by catalyst-free metal-organic vapour phase epitaxy. Metal-like conduction is observed from four-probe measurements without any temperature dependence between 10 K and 300 K. Radius-dependent resistivity measurements yield resistivity values as low as 0.37 mohm.cm. This is in agreement with the full width at half maximum (170 meV) of the near band edge luminescence obtained from low temperature cathodoluminescence study. Higher dopant incorporation during wire growth as compared to conventional epitaxial planar case is suggested to beresponsiblefortheuniqueconductivity

Thermoelectric and micro-Raman measurements of carrier density and mobility in heavily Si-doped GaN wires

International audienceCombined thermoelectric-resistivity measurements and micro-Raman experiments have been performed on single heavily Si-doped GaN wires. In both approaches, similar carrier concentration and mobility were determined taking into account the non-parabolicity of the conduction band. The unique high conductivity of Si-doped GaN wires is explained by a mobility µ=56 cm2 /V s at a carrier concentration n = 2.6 10^20 /cm 3. This is attributed to a more efficient dopant incorporation in Si-doped GaN microwires as compared to Si-doped GaN planar layers. (c) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC

Role of Furin in Colon Cancer Stem Cells Malignant Phenotype and Expression of LGR5 and NANOG in KRAS and BRAF-Mutated Colon Tumors

Proprotein convertases or PCs are known to regulate the malignant phenotype of colon cancer cells by different mechanisms, but their effects on cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been less widely investigated. Here, we report that PCs expression is altered in colon CSCs, and the inhibition of their activity reduced colon CSCs growth, survival, and invasion in three-dimensional spheroid cultures. In vivo, repression of PCs activity by the general PC inhibitors α1-PDX, Spn4A, or decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethylketone (CMK) significantly reduced tumor expression levels of the stem cell markers LGR5 and NANOG that are associated with reduced tumor xenografts. Further analysis revealed that reduced tumor growth mediated by specific silencing of the convertase Furin in KRAS or BRAF mutated-induced colon tumors was associated with reduced expression of LGR5 and NANOG compared to wild-type KRAS and BRAF tumors. Analysis of various calcium regulator molecules revealed that while the calcium-transporting ATPase 4 (ATP2B4) is downregulated in all the Furin-silenced colon cancer cells, the Ca2+-mobilizing P2Y receptors, was specifically repressed in BRAF mutated cells and ORAI1 and CACNA1H in KRAS mutated cells. Taken together, our findings indicate that PCs play an important role in the malignant phenotype of colon CSCs and stem cell markers’ expression and highlight PCs repression, particularly of Furin, to target colon tumors with KRAS or BRAF mutation.This research was funded by La Region Nouvelle Aquitaine, Siric Brio, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Planete Vegetal and INSERM. M.J.A.-B. was supported by a grant PID2020-119715GB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”, and by the European Union H2020-FETOPEN Project 899417 Circular Vision

Contributions of experiment designs in photodynamic therapy: photosensitizer design, treatment analysis and optimization.

Abstract published in Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, 8(2):137, 2011International audienceIntroduction One of the difficulties in the development of the photodynamic therapy (PDT) is inherent to the multidisciplinary feature of this treatment gathering mainly clinicians, physicists, biologists, and chemists. Another issue is the great number of biophysical and biochemical parameters involved in the design of new photosensitizers as well as in the in vivo application of this treatment. We present a global development approach based on the methodology and tools of experimental design. Three study cases are developed to assess to potential relevance of such an empirical model-based approach for the development of PDT. Methods & Results In a first study, an in vitro screening experimental design was carried out. The addressed question dealt with the determination of influent factors on the phototoxicity of a new photosensitizer based on quantum dots. Five factors were examined: the nature of quantum dots, the excitation light wavelength, the incubation time with cells, the photoactivable compound concentration and the fluence level. Relevance of each factor was finally estimated and compared to identify the significant parameters. In comparison with a typical factorial design, the total number of experiments (42 trials) was divided by 5. In a second study, an in vivo factorial experimental design was applied to detect potential synergic effects between four therapeutic factors: the phenotype of the cancer cell line, the food type, the nature of photosensitizer and the post-injection time, on the in vivo selectivity (cancer/normal tissue) of the tested photosensitizers. Results particularly pointed out the presence of a statistically significant synergic effect between these four factors and provided the optimal modalities to maximize the response in term of tumor-to-normal tissue ratio. In a third study, a Doehlert experimental design associated with a response surface model was used to determine the in vivo PDT modalities (photosensitizer concentration, irradiance and fluence) to both minimize the post-treatment growth rate of the tumor and maximize its growth delay. Only 13 experimental conditions were tested and the relevance of the optimized condition was corroborated by in vivo validation experiments. Conclusion These studies have confirmed the applicability and attractive contributions of experimental design techniques in the development and determination of optimal modalities of new photosensitizers in PDT. Their main advantages are to a priori organize experiments according to specific questions while minimizing the experimental cost and controlling as much as possible the experimental uncertainty

EuReCa ONE—27 Nations, ONE Europe, ONE Registry A prospective one month analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes in 27 countries in Europe

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of the EuReCa ONE study was to determine the incidence, process, and outcome for out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) throughout Europe.MethodsThis was an international, prospective, multi-centre one-month study. Patients who suffered an OHCA during October 2014 who were attended and/or treated by an Emergency Medical Service (EMS) were eligible for inclusion in the study. Data were extracted from national, regional or local registries.ResultsData on 10,682 confirmed OHCAs from 248 regions in 27 countries, covering an estimated population of 174 million. In 7146 (66%) cases, CPR was started by a bystander or by the EMS. The incidence of CPR attempts ranged from 19.0 to 104.0 per 100,000 population per year. 1735 had ROSC on arrival at hospital (25.2%), Overall, 662/6414 (10.3%) in all cases with CPR attempted survived for at least 30 days or to hospital discharge.ConclusionThe results of EuReCa ONE highlight that OHCA is still a major public health problem accounting for a substantial number of deaths in Europe.EuReCa ONE very clearly demonstrates marked differences in the processes for data collection and reported outcomes following OHCA all over Europe. Using these data and analyses, different countries, regions, systems, and concepts can benchmark themselves and may learn from each other to further improve survival following one of our major health care events

DFT exchange: sharing perspectives on the workhorse of quantum chemistry and materials science

In this paper, the history, present status, and future of density-functional theory (DFT) is informally reviewed and discussed by 70 workers in the field, including molecular scientists, materials scientists, method developers and practitioners. The format of the paper is that of a roundtable discussion, in which the participants express and exchange views on DFT in the form of 302 individual contributions, formulated as responses to a preset list of 26 questions. Supported by a bibliography of 777 entries, the paper represents a broad snapshot of DFT, anno 2022

Royaume des Deux-Belgiques, « rive gauche du Rhin », État rhénan, « Wallonia », « Reichsland Rhénanie-Ruhr-Sarre » : États-frontières, États-tampons ou glacis militaires entre France et Allemagne (xixe-xxe siècles) ?

Les frontières ne sont pas seulement des lignes. Ce peuvent être aussi des zones et même des États à part entière destinés à assurer la sécurité militaire de l’un ou des deux États entre lesquels il s’intercale. Ainsi, en est-il de la zone rhénane et mosane de l’Empire jusqu’à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale : du début du XIXe siècle jusqu’en 1945, dans les traités de paix et les projets de paix européenne, de construction européenne, voire de fédération et d’union européenne, les dirige..

Les terres de surséance entre Franche-Comté, Lorraine et Champagne du xvie au xviiie siècle

Un vent de colère souffle sur le village de Martinvelle, aux confins de la Champagne, de la Lorraine et de la Franche-Comté, en cette après-midi du premier dimanche d’août 1616, jour de la fête du village. Tout avait pourtant bien commencé. Le matin, le cri de la fête avait été fait, comme de coutume, au nom du duc de Lorraine. Or, arrive au début de l’après-midi le sire de Vadans, propriétaire – du fait de sa femme – d’un tiers du fief de Martinvelle, qui exige de danser la première danse au..