Conducting a virtual ensemble with a kinect device

This paper presents a gesture-based interaction technique for the implementation of an orchestra conductor and a virtual ensemble, using a 3D camera-based sensor to capture user’s gestures. In particular, a human-computer interface has been developed to recognize conducting gestures using a Microsoft Kinect device. The system allows the conductor to control both the tempo in the piece played as well as the dynamics of each instrument set independently. In order to modify the tempo in the playback, a time-frequency processing-based algorithmis used. Finally, an experiment was conducted to assess user’s opinion of the system as well as experimentally confirm if the features in the system were effectively improving user experience or not.This work has been funded by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of the Spanish Government under Project No. TIN2010-21089-C03-02 and Project No. IPT-2011-0885-430000 and by the Junta de Andalucia under Project No. P11-TIC-7154. The work has been done at Universidad de Malaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucia Tech

De novo analysis of the haustorial transcriptome of the cucurbit powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera xanthii reveals new candidate secreted effector proteins

Backgrounds. Cucurbit crops are affected, among other pathogens, by the obligate biotrophic fungus Podosphaera xanthii, the main causal agent of powdery mildew in cucurbits. This fungus develops a specialized structure of parasitism termed haustorium. Haustoria are developed into epidermal cells and are responsible for nutrients uptake and effectors delivery. Objectives. The aim of this study was to obtain the haustorial transcriptome of P. xanthii to complete the panel of effector candidates of this fungal pathogen. Methods. To obtain the haustorial transcriptome, we have developed an effective method for isolation of haustoria without contaminants by flow cytometry. The cDNA library was built using a combination of dT primers and random primers followed by a depletion of ribosomal sequences. Sequencing was carried out by Illumina NextSeq550. Conclusions. After bioinformatic analysis, we were able to identify 25 new effector candidates secreted by the classic pathway (with signal peptide) and 269 new candidates secreted by the non-classic pathway (without signal peptide). Most proteins had no functional annotation. By protein modelling and ligand predictions, we are now being able to assign putative functions to some of these candidates to select those with potential roles in pathogenesis for subsequent functional in vivo analysis by HIGS (host-induced gene silencing). By these approaches, we are starting to shed some light into the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis in this very important pathogen of cucurbits.This work was supported by a grant from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (AGL2013-41938-R), co-financed with FEDER funds (EU). A grant form Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech, is also acknowledged

Resistance to the SDHI fungicides boscalid and fluopyram in Podosphaera xanthii from commercial cucurbit fields in Spain

Powdery mildew elicited by Podosphaera xanthii is a devastating disease of cucurbits worldwide and one of the most important diseases affecting these crops in Spain. Application of fungicides is the main control practice for managing P. xanthii; however, isolates resistant to multiple classes of site-specific fungicides have been recently reported in the Spanish cucurbit powdery mildew population. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) constitute a relatively novel class of fungicides registered for powdery mildew control representing new alternatives for cucurbit growers. In the present study, 30 P. xanthii isolates were used to determine the effective concentration that reduces mycelial growth by 50% (EC50) to boscalid and fluopyram. The present study was also conducted to obtain discriminatory doses to monitor SDHI fungicide resistance in 180 P. xanthii isolates collected from several commercial cucurbit fields in Spain during 2017-2018. Three SDHI resistance patterns were observed in our population, which include patterns I (resistance to boscalid), II (resistance to fluopyram), and III (resistance to boscalid and fluopyram). The amino acid changes associated with these resistance patterns in the Sdh protein were also examined. Based on our results, SDHI fungicides are good alternatives for cucurbit powdery mildew control, although they should be applied with caution.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

A short version of the amyloid-like protein TasA fibrillates and supports biofilm formation in Bacillus cereus

The formation of bacterial biofilms is a doable thanks to the assembly of an extracellular matrix that provides to the entire community with i) an outstanding architectonic structure and ii) protection to the cells from external aggressions. In Bacillus subtilis, a structural element dedicated to the formation of the extracellular matrix is the amyloid-like protein TasA. To form fibers, TasA needs the participation of the protein TapA. Indeed, a tapA mutant resembles phenotypically to a tasA mutant, which is wrinkle-less pellicles or colonies with no distinguishable morphological features. tasA is widely spread within the Bacillus genus, but tapA is absent in the heterogeneous group of Bacillus cereus which includes environmental and pathogenic members; some of them are responsible for important food intoxication outbreaks. Then, we asked whether TasA would still retain functionality in biofilm formation in B. cereus. Comparative genomic analysis showed a region in B. cereus containing two orthologous of tasA, tasA and calY, and the orthologous of sipW, that encodes a signal peptidase. Our mutagenic studies revealed that the entire region was relevant for biofilm formation, and electron microscopy proved the major propensity of TasA than CalY to form fibers in the cell surfaces. These findings also indicated that in B. cereus as opposed to B. subtilis, an accessory TapA protein is not necessary for the fibrillation of TasA. Indeed, the heterologous expression of this region of B. cereus restored the capacity of a B. subtilis tasA operon mutant or a single tasA mutant to form pellicles. These pellicles stained with the amyloid dye Congo Red and the cells were decorated with fibers, both findings suggestive of an amyloid-like nature of the B. cereus TasA. Intriguingly, in a B. subtilis tapA mutant, only the entire region of B. cereus fully rescued pellicle formation, fibrillation or Congo Red staining, to a lesser extent did sipw-tasA, and no restoration was observed with sipW-calY. These observations led us to speculate that TapA might cross seed the fibrillation of TasA or CalY in B. subtilis. In summary, TasA is relevant for biofilm formation in these two bacterial species, which appears to be governed by its polymerizing nature. The fact that we count with two bacterial species containing versions of TasA with subtle differences will be of great value in our studies of the mechanistic of polymerization of these bacterial amyloid-like fibers and their contribution to the assembly of the extracellular matrix.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Interaction of Tropical Cyclones with a Dipole Vortex

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss certain disturbances around the pole of a Venus–type planet that result as a response to barotropic instability processes in a zonal flow. We discuss a linear instability of normal modes in a zonal flow through the barotropic vorticity equations (BVEs). By using a simple idealization of a zonal flow, the instability is employed on measurements of the upper atmosphere of Venus. In 1998, the tropical cyclone Mitch gave way to the observational study of a dipole vortex. This dipole vortex might have helped to intensify the cyclone and moved it towards the SW. In order to examine this process of interaction, the nonlinear BVE was integrated in time applied to the 800–200 hPa average layer in the previous moment when it moved towards the SW. The 2‐day integrations carried out with the model showed that the geometric structure of the solution can be calculated to a good approximation. The solution HLC moves very fast westwards as observed. On October 27, the HLA headed north‐eastward and then became quasi‐stationary. It was also observed that HLA and HLC as a coupled system rotates in the clockwise direction

Compounds produced by two robust Bacillus amyloliquefaciens biocontrol strains involved in antimicrobial activity and plant-growth promotion

Several members of the Bacillus genus are potential candidates to be used as biological control agents to combat pests or plant diseases. The bacterial attributes associated to Bacillus behaviour are mainly: the production of antimicrobial compounds, the plant-growth promotion capability and the induction of systemic resistance in plant host. In previous works, we have demonstrated this multifaceted biocontrol activity of B. amyloliquefaciens CECT8237 (UMAF6639) and CECT8238 (UMAF6614) strains, which contributes to plant protection against bacterial and fungal pathogens. In order to identify the bacterial features responsible for the outstanding biocontrol activity of these strains, their genomes were sequenced and analysed. Firstly, those features previously described for other Bacillus to be involved in the biocontrol activity were localized: i) Biosynthetic genes of secondary metabolites. Apart from the lipopeptides, formerly detected, we have demonstrated the production of other additional compounds that might participate in the antibiosis activity; ii) Biosynthetic genes of the volatile compounds 2,3-butanediol and acetoin, both involved in the induction of plant defence responses. Secondly, genetic singularities non-conserved within the Bacillus genus, which might contribute to the biocontrol ability of B. amyloliquefaciens CECT8237 and CECT8238 were identified in both genomes. Among them, we highlight two genomic regions hypothetically implicated in the production of non-characterized secondary metabolites. Ongoing studies are focused on elucidating the functionality of these uncharacterized regions, leading to a better understanding of the mechanisms of action involved in the robust biocontrol skills of these strains.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

The expression profile of secondary metabolites in biofilms of B. amyloliquefaciens CECT 8237 biocontrol strain

The contribution of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 8237 (UMAF6639) strain to the plant protection against bacterial and fungal pathogens is mainly based on: i) the production of antimicrobial compounds, ii) the plant-growth promotion capability and iii) the induction of systemic resistance in plant host. In previous works, we demonstrated the relevant implication of the three families of lipopeptides in the biocontrol activity and biofilm formation on melon leaves. The analysis of the genome sequence revealed features previously identified in other Bacillus strains, such as genes related to biofilm formation, phytostimulation and induction of systemic resistance in the host plant, and novel genomic regions non-conserved within the Bacillus genus, and therefore with potential genes implicated in the biocontrol activity. Considering the relevance of biofilm formation and production of secondary metabolites in biocontrol, we analyzed the expression profile of several secondary metabolites produced by CECT 8237 in biofilm inducing conditions. To do so, we optimized an in situ detection method based on MALDI-TOF analysis of secondary metabolites within the bacterial colony and in supernatants and pellicles of B. amyloliquefaciens biofilms. We found a major accumulation of these secondary metabolites in the core and middle area of the colony and in the spent medium compared to pellicle. Further studies will help elucidating the real implication of these molecules in the bacterial ecology or in its mechanisms of defence, against competitors, and/or offense, against pathogens and its possible relation with the niche they occupy. This work was supported by grants from the Plan Nacional I+D+I (AGL-2012-31968) and Incentivos a Proyectos de Excelencia de la Junta de Andalucía (P10-AGR-57-97), both cofinanced by FEDER funds (EU). This work was also supported by grant from Koppert B.V. (8.06/60.4086) and European Research Council-Starting Grant BacBio ERC637971.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Resistance to SDHI fungicides in Botrytis cinerea from strawberry fields in Spain

Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers., is one of the most economically important diseases of strawberries and its control involves the application of fungicides throughout the strawberry growing season. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) constitute a novel class of fungicides representing new alternatives for strawberry growers. In the present study, B. cinerea isolates were used to determine the effective concentration that reduces mycelial growth by 50% (EC50) and to obtain discriminatory doses to monitor SDHI fungicides over the course of three-year monitoring period. The overall frequencies of resistance to the SDHI fungicides boscalid, fluopyram, fluxapyroxad and penthiopyrad were 56.9, 6.9, 12.9, and 24.6%, respectively. Four SDHI resistance patterns were observed in our population. Patterns I (resistance to boscalid) and II (resistance to boscalid and penthiopyrad) were associated with the amino acid substitutions H272R/Y; pattern III (resistance to boscalid, fluxapyroxad, and penthiopyrad) was associated only with the H272Y mutation; and finally, pattern IV (resistance to boscalid, fluopyram, fluxapyroxad and penthiopyrad) was associated with the N230I allele in the SdhB subunit. For gray mold management, it is suggested that the simultaneous use of boscalid and penthiopyrad should be limited to one application per season. The use of fluxapyroxad and fluopyram could be used as valid SDHI alternatives for our strawberry growers, but they should be applied with caution.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Low-cost step aerobics system with virtual aerobics trainer

In this paper a low-cost step-aerobics instructor simulation system is presented. The proposed system analyses a given song to iden- tify its rhythmic pattern. Subsequently, this rhythmic pattern is used in order to issue a set of steps-aerobics commands to the user, thus simu- lating a training session. The system uses a Wii Balance Board to track exercises performed by users and runs on an Android smartphone. A set of tests were conducted to assess user experience and opinion on the system developed.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Nuevas secuencias codificantes ignoradas hasta la fecha podrían jugar un papel clave en el desarrollo de Podosphaera xanthii

Podosphaera xanthii es un hongo biotrofo obligado y el principal agente causante del oídio de las cucurbitáceas. Hasta el momento, el control químico de la enfermedad ha resultado ser la herramienta más eficaz, aunque la aparición de aislados resistentes a las principales clases de fungicidas ha generado la necesidad de buscar alternativas y nuevas dianas para luchar contra este agente fitopatógeno. Con el objetivo de identificar nuevas dianas, partiendo de los perfiles transcriptómicos tanto haustorial como epifítico de P. xanthii previamente realizados en nuestro laboratorio, se han seleccionado secuencias desechadas en un principio por no presentar anotación ni siquiera como proteínas hipotéticas. Estas secuencias, sin embargo, mantenían un sitio de unión al ribosoma, un marco abierto de lectura y el mismo patrón codificante que el resto de las secuencias anotadas. Además, estudios anteriores realizados en nuestro laboratorio han validado funcionalmente algunas de ellas, verificando su expresión durante el proceso infectivo y su necesidad para el correcto desarrollo del hongo. Todo esto hace pensar que son secuencias codificantes presentes solo en P. xanthii y en otros hongos fitopatógenos cercanos. Estas secuencias han sido denominadas PNPCG (Podosphaera new protein-coding genes). Para conocer la posible función de dichas proteínas, en primer lugar, llevamos a cabo un análisis in silico detallado de las proteínas que incluye modelado 3D, predicción de posibles ligandos e identificación de dominios funcionales. En segundo lugar, una vez identificadas funciones de interés, llevamos a cabo experimentos de silenciamiento génico para la identificación de proteínas clave para la patogénesis de P. xanthii. El modelado proteico de algunas de estas nuevas secuencias ha revelado la presencia de posibles inhibidores de enzimas de la planta relacionadas con la resistencia a hongos fitopatógenos.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por una ayuda del Programa Estatal de I+D+i Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad (AGL2016-76216-C2-1-R), cofinanciada por fondos FEDER (UE). Los autores agradecen además ayudas del Plan Propio de Investigación de la Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech