Taxonomy Of Aspidosperma Mart. (apocynaceae, Rauvolfioideae) In The State Of Para, Northern Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Aspidosperma Mart. is one of the most important genera from Apocynaceae Juss. occurring in Brazil. It is present in many plant formations and has species with both medicinal and economic value. From a taxonomic point of view, many of its species are difficult to identify, especially those occurring in the Amazonian region. In order to complement the information already available with regard to the taxonomy and distribution of the genus, the goal of this work was to provide a taxonomic study of the Aspidosperma species occurring in the state of Para, northern Brazil. This study was based on the analysis of vouchers from the BHCB, HBRA, IAC, IAN, INPA, MG, R, RB and UEC herbaria, as well as scanned images of vouchers from Brazilian and foreign herbaria, and specimens collected in the field. Species identification was confirmed by analysis of protologues and types (or images). We present taxonomic descriptions, illustrations and one identification key for the 20 species of Aspidosperma found in Para, with the Baixo Amazonas Mesoregion presenting the largest number of species (17), and the Metropolitana de Belem Mesoregion presenting the Smallest number of species (3). Aspidosperma eteanum, A. oblongum, A. salgadense (endemic of Para) and A. sandwithianum are accepted as species here. Aspidosperma cuspa is a new record for Para. The fruits of Aspidosperma eteanum and A. salgadense, and the seeds of A. eteanum, have been described and illustrated for the first time.162Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES, Office for the Advancement of Higher Education)PNADB [PNADB 922/2010]Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Reestablishment, new records, and a key for the species of Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon

As a result of systematic study of the Neotropical genus Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae), we reestablish the species A. centrale and A. duckei, and report A. steinbachii and A. tambopatense as new records for Brazil. We provide taxonomic descriptions of these species along with plates, distribution maps, and information on their conservation status, habitat and phenology. We also provide an identification key for all the species of Aspidosperma from the Brazilian Amazon.331120CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESSem informaçãoSem informaçã

ESTUDO POLÍNICO DE Anacardium L. (ANACARDIACEAE) NO ESTADO DO PARÁ (AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL), BRASIL

Anacardium L. is a neotropical genus, which has as its primary center of diversity the Amazon region. The delimitation of some species of the genus is still problematic, and on this issue, find a new feature that distinguishes the species has taxonomic significance. From this information, the present study aimed to characterize the morphology of the pollen grains of Anacardium species occurring in the state of Pará, Brazil. Of herbarium specimens from herbaria MG and IAN were removed mature buds and flowers for acetolysis. Subsequently this material was mounted onto microscope slides for species characterization under light microscopy. For scanning electron microscopy, non-acetolysed pollen grains were used. The pollen grains were measured, described, photomicrographed and eletromicrographed. For the state were registered seven species: Anacardium amapaense J.D. Mitch.; A. giganteum W. Hancock ex Engl.; A. humile A. St.-Hil.; A. microsepalum Loes.; A. occidentale L.; A. parvifolium Ducke; A. spruceanum Benth. ex Engl. Concerning to the pollen morphology, the studied species presented pollen grains of medium size, isopolar, of radial symmetry, amb circular to triangular, subprolate to prolate-spheroidal, 3-colporate, surface reticulate, striated or striate-reticulate, with lalongate endoaperture, and sexin thicker than nexin. To facilitate the identification of the species, a key was elaborated. Based on the analysis of the results, it was found that the descriptions presented can help in the identification of these species only when associated with taxonomic descriptions.Keywords: palynology; pollen morphology; cashew.Anacardium L. é um gênero neotropical, que tem como centro primário de diversidade a região Amazônica. A delimitação de algumas espécies do gênero ainda é problemática, e diante dessa questão, encontrar uma nova característica que diferencie as espécies tem importância taxonômica. A partir dessas informações, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar morfologicamente os grãos de pólen das espécies de Anacardium ocorrentes no estado do Pará, Brasil. Do material herborizado proveniente dos herbários MG e IAN foram retirados botões florais maduros e flores para acetólise. Posteriormente o material foi montado em lâminas para a caracterização das espécies em microscopia de luz. Para a microscopia eletrônica de varredura, foram utilizados grãos não acetolisados. Os grãos de pólen foram medidos, descritos, fotomicrografados e eletromicrografados. Para o estado foram registradas sete espécies: Anacardium amapaense J.D. Mitch.; A. giganteum W. Hancock ex Engl.; A. humile A. St.-Hil.; A. microsepalum Loes.; A. occidentale L.; A. parvifolium Ducke; A. spruceanum Benth. ex Engl. Quanto à morfologia polínica, as espécies estudadas apresentaram grãos de pólen médios, isopolares, de simetria radial, âmbito circular a triangular, subprolatos a prolato-esferoidais, 3-colporados, de superfície reticulada, estriada ou estriado-reticulada, com endoabertura lalongada, e sexina mais espessa que a nexina. Para facilitar a identificação das espécies, uma chave foi elaborada. Com base na análise dos resultados, verificou-se que as descrições apresentadas podem auxiliar na identificação destas espécies apenas quando associadas as descrições taxonômicas.Palavras-chave: palinologia, morfologia polínica, caju

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Taxonomia De Aspidosperma Mart. (apocynaceae, Rauvolfioideae) No Estado Do Pará, Brasil

Aspidosperma Mart. is one of the most important genera from Apocynaceae Juss. occurring in Brazil. It is present in many plant formations and has species with both medicinal and economic value. From a taxonomic point of view, many of its species are difficult to identify, especially those occurring in the Amazonian region. In order to complement the information already available with regard to the taxonomy and distribution of the genus, the goal of this work was to provide a taxonomic study of the Aspidosperma species occurring in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. This study was based on the analysis of vouchers from the BHCB, HBRA, IAC, IAN, INPA, MG, R, RB and UEC herbaria, as well as scanned images of vouchers from Brazilian and foreign herbaria, and specimens collected in the field. Species identification was confirmed by analysis of protologues and types (or images). We present taxonomic descriptions, illustrations and one identification key for the 20 species of Aspidosperma found in Pará, with the Baixo Amazonas Mesoregion presenting the largest number of species (17), and the Metropolitana de Belém Mesoregion presenting the smallest number of species (3). Aspidosperma eteanum, A. oblongum, A. salgadense (endemic of Pará) and A. sandwithianum are accepted as species here. Aspidosperma cuspa is a new record for Pará. The fruits of Aspidosperma eteanum and A. salgadense, and the seeds of A. eteanum, have been described and illustrated for the first time.16

Taxonomia de aspidosperma mart. (apocynaceae, rauvolfioideae) no estado do Pará, Brasil

Aspidosperma Mart. is one of the most important genera from Apocynaceae Juss. occurring in Brazil. It is present in many plant formations and has species with both medicinal and economic value. From a taxonomic point of view, many of its species are difficult to identify, especially those occurring in the Amazonian region. In order to complement the information already available with regard to the taxonomy and distribution of the genus, the goal of this work was to provide a taxonomic study of the Aspidosperma species occurring in the state of Para, northern Brazil. This study was based on the analysis of vouchers from the BHCB, HBRA, IAC, IAN, INPA, MG, R, RB and UEC herbaria, as well as scanned images of vouchers from Brazilian and foreign herbaria, and specimens collected in the field. Species identification was confirmed by analysis of protologues and types (or images). We present taxonomic descriptions, illustrations and one identification key for the 20 species of Aspidosperma found in Para, with the Baixo Amazonas Mesoregion presenting the largest number of species (17), and the Metropolitana de Belem Mesoregion presenting the Smallest number of species (3). Aspidosperma eteanum, A. oblongum, A. salgadense (endemic of Para) and A. sandwithianum are accepted as species here. Aspidosperma cuspa is a new record for Para. The fruits of Aspidosperma eteanum and A. salgadense, and the seeds of A. eteanum, have been described and illustrated for the first time162COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESnão temDentre os gêneros de Apocynaceae Juss. ocorrentes no Brasil, Aspidosperma Mart. é um dos mais importantes. Está presente em várias formações vegetais e apresenta espécies com valor medicinal e econômico. Do ponto de vista taxonômico, várias de suas espécies são de difícil identificação, principalmente as que ocorrem na Amazônia. Com o intuito de complementar as informações disponíveis sobre a taxonomia e a distribuição do gênero, este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar estudos taxonômicos com as espécies de Aspidosperma ocorrentes no estado do Pará, Brasil. Este estudo foi baseado na análise de exsicatas dos herbários BHCB, HBRA, IAC, IAN, INPA, MG, R, RB e UEC, assim como de imagens digitalizadas de exsicatas de herbários nacionais e estrangeiros, e de materiais coletados. A identificação das espécies foi confirmada por meio de consulta aos protólogos e tipos (ou imagens). São apresentadas descrições, ilustrações e uma chave de identificação para as 20 espécies de Aspidosperma encontradas no Pará, com a Mesorregião do Baixo Amazonas apresentando um maior número de espécies (17), e a Mesorregião Metropolitana de Belém apresentando um menor número de espécies (3). As espécies Aspidosperma eteanum, A. oblongum, A. salgadense (endêmica do Pará) e A. sandwithianum são aqui aceitas. Aspidosperma cuspa é uma nova ocorrência para o Pará. Os frutos de Aspidosperma eteanum e A. salgadense, e as sementes de A. eteanum, estão sendo descritos e ilustrados pela primeira vezWe are grateful to the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, Office for the Advancement of Higher Education) for the master’s grant provided to the first author, and the grant provided by the PNADB (Grant no. PNADB 922/2010

A taxonomic revision of geissospermum (apocynaceae, rauvolfioid)

A taxonomic revision of the genus Geissospermum Allemao (Apocynaceae) is provided. Identification key, descriptions and illustrations of the species are presented, as well as data on geographical distribution and taxonomic comments. The following species are recognized: G. atgenteum, G. reticulatum, G. sericeum, G. urceolatum and G. vellosoi. Geissospermum fuscum and G. laeve are synonymized in G. sericeum and G. vellosoi, respectively. After a careful analysis of the protologues of G. laeve and G. vellosoi, we concluded that the basionym for the type species of the genus is Tabernaemontana laevis, for which a lectotype was elected. Leaf blade indumenta characters were particularly useful for species recognition4202157178COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESSem informaçã