Propriedades funcionais de sorvete de morango diet com adição da enzima lactase e transglutaminase otimizada através da metodologia de superfície de resposta

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos, Florianópolis, 2014.O sorvete é um sistema coloidal complexo composto por uma emulsão constituída de gotículas de gordura, proteínas, bolhas de ar e de cristais dispersos em uma fase aquosa. O produto desejado deve ter alto overrun (aeração), textura macia, baixa taxa de derretimento e poucos cristais e açúcar, obtido pela aplicação das enzimas, uma alternativa inovadora e funcional na fabricação de sorvetes. Nesta pesquisa objetivou-se otimizaras condições operacionais da produção de sorvete diet de morango pela adição de ingredientes (concentrado proteico de soro de leite e edulcorantes) e das enzimas lactase e transglutaminase, utilizando a metodologia de superfície de resposta para avaliar seus efeitos sob diferentes parâmetros físico-químicos (overrun, textura, taxa de derretimento e formação de cristais) e químicos (lactose e proteínas) na formulação do sorvete. A enzima lactase ß-galactosidase (EC. 3.2.1.23) é a responsável pela hidrólise de ligações ß-galactosídicas da lactose, resultando em sua redução pela conversão em glicose e galactose. Já a enzima transglutaminase (EC 2.3.2.13) apresenta a capacidade de catalisar reações de transferência de grupos acil, formando ligações cruzadas (intra e intermoleculares) entre proteínas, peptídeos e aminas primárias, principalmente ligações covalentes entre resíduos de glutamina e lisina (ligações G-L), aumentando a fração das proteínas de alta massa molar. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar pelo planejamento experimental central composto as condições ideais de temperatura e concentração de transglutaminase e lactase, visando a uma formulação de sorvete diet com características físico-químicas adequadas, considerando ainda as propriedades microbiológicas e sensoriais. Para tanto, foram preparadas 18 formulações de sorvetes por processo descontínuo empregando diferentes concentrações das enzimas e temperaturas de incubação, segundo delineamento fatorial 23, com quatro repetições no ponto central, para averiguar o efeito das enzimas na qualidade do sorvete. Foram realizadas determinações de: overrun, textura, índice de derretimento, reação de polimerização das proteínas do soro de leite pela formação de bandas de proteinas, hidrólise da lactose e enumerações de cristais. Nas análises estatísticas dos resultados das superfícies de contorno empregou-se a análise de variância (ANOVA), seguida do teste de Tukey em 5% de probabilidade para todos os tratamentos. A formação de cristais nos sorvetes foi verificada utilizando ANOVA unicaldal, seguida do teste de Kruskal-Wallis (não paramétrico) e do pós-teste de Dunn comparando todos os tratamentos, em nível de significância de 5%. O planejamento experimental e a análise de desejabilidade auxiliaram-na escolha do tratamento 2 como ideal, empregando as enzimas lactase (0,4 g L-1) e transglutaminase (2,0 U g-1 proteína) a 40 oC. Este foi o tratamento que apresentou melhor textura; alto overrun; menor índice de derretimento; formação de bandas de eletroforese de proteínas de alta massa molar evidenciando a formação de polímeros por ligações cruzadas pela ação da enzima transglutaminase; e a atuação mais eficiente da enzima lactase, avaliada pela hidrólise da lactose por determinação cromatográfica, confirmados pela formação de pequenos cristais e açúcar, observados pela micrografia, contribuindo para uma textura mais lisa. Pela análise sensorial, o sorvete elaborado em tais condições foi o que obteve maior aceitabilidade entre os provadores não treinados. Dessa forma, a adição das enzimas lactase e transglutaminase produziu melhora nas propriedades de textura, pelo aumento da cremosidade e suavidade, produzindo um alimento funcional com maior digestibilidade e menos calorias.Abstract : Ice cream is a complex colloidal system comprised of an emulsion consisting of fat droplets, proteins, air bubbles and crystals dispersed in an aqueous phase. The desired product should have a high overrun (degree of aeration), soft texture, slow melting rate and a low amount of crystals and sugar, obtained through the application of enzymes, an innovative and functional alternative used in the production of ice creams. The aim of this research was to optimize the operational conditions for the production of diet strawberry ice cream through the addition of ingredients (milk whey protein concentrate and sweeteners) and enzymes (lactase and transglutaminase), using the response surface methodology to evaluate their effects on different physico-chemical (overrun, texture, melting rate and formation of crystals) and chemical (lactose and proteins) parameters of the ice cream formulation. The enzyme lactase (ß-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) is responsible for the hydrolysis of lactose ß-galactoside bonds, resulting in their reduction through conversion to glucose and galactose. The enzyme transglutaminase (EC 2.3.2.13) is able to catalyze acyl transfer reactions, forming cross-links (intra and intermolecular) between proteins, peptides and primary amines, mainly covalent bonds between residues of glutamine and lysine (G-L bonds), increasing the fraction of proteins of high molecular mass. However, the objective of this research was to evaluate, through a central composite experimental design, the ideal conditions of temperature and transglutaminase and lactase concentrations, aimed at obtaining a diet ice cream formulation with suitable physico-chemical characteristics, considering also the microbiological and sensory properties. A total of 18 ice cream formulations were prepared by a discontinuous process employing different concentrations of enzymes and incubation temperatures, according to a 23 factorial design, with four repetitions at the central point, to investigate the effect of the enzymes on the ice cream quality. Analysis was carried out to determine the overrun, texture, melting index, milk whey protein polymerization reaction through the formation of protein bands, lactose hydrolysis and number of crystals. In the statistical analysis of the results for the response surfaces, analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey test (5% probability) was used for all treatments. The formation of crystals in the ice cream samples was verified using one-tailed ANOVA followed by the Kruskal-Wallis test (non-parametric) and the Dunn s post-hoc test comparing all treatments, at the 5% significance level. The experimental design and the desirability analysis aided the selection of the ideal treatment (treatment 2), in which the enzymes lactase (0.4 g L-1) and transglutaminase (2.0 U g-1 protein) and a temperature of 40 oC were employed. This was the treatment which provided the best texture, high overrun, the lowest melting index, formation of electrophoresis bands of proteins of high molecular mass evidencing the formation of polymers through cross-links due to the action of the enzyme transglutaminase and the most efficient action of the enzyme lactase, evaluated through the lactose hydrolysis determined by chromatography, verified by the formation of small crystals and sugar, observed on themicrograph, contributing to a smoother texture. The sensory analysis indicated that the ice cream prepared under these conditions had the greatest acceptability according to the untrained tasters. Thus, the addition of the enzymes lactase and transglutaminase improved the textural properties by increasing the creaminess and smoothness, producing a functional food with greater digestibility and reduced calories

Formulação e avaliação sensorial hedônica de iogurte com polpa de acerola

Yogurt is a fermented milk product very tasty and nutritious, rich in calcium, which promotes the absorption of vitamin D improves the intestinal flora, prevents osteoporosis, carcinogenesis and genesis of tumors, and therefore clearly important for human nutrition, including being well accepted by people with lactose intolerance. Acerola, also known as cherry-of-Antilles, is a red fruit from the region of the Antilles, its main attraction is the high content of C vitamin beyond its peculiar flavor. This study aiming to develop three formulations and evaluate the acceptability of a beaten yogurt added to the pulp. Concentrations of 2, 4 and 6 % of the pulp through frozen full scale of seven points applied to 100 consumers of yogurt. There were also physical chemical analysis and an interview to verify the acceptance of a yogurt-flavored acerola for being an innovative product. The results showed that the product with 2 % pulp would have welcomed.O iogurte é um produto lácteo fermentado muito saboroso e nutritivo, rico em cálcio, o qual favorece a absorçãode vitamina D, melhora a flora intestinal, previne osteoporose, carcinogênese e tumorogênese, e, portanto claramente importante para a alimentação humana, sendo inclusive bem aceito pelas pessoas intolerantes à lactose. A acerola, também conhecida como cereja-das-antilhas, é um fruto avermelhado originário da região das Antilhas, seu principal atrativo é o alto teor de vitamina C além de seu sabor peculiar. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver três formulações e avaliar a aceitabilidade de iogurte batido adicionado de polpa de acerola. Foram testadas as concentrações de 2, 4 e 6 % de polpa de acerola integral congelada por meio de escala hedônica de sete pontos aplicada a 100 consumidores de iogurte. Realizaram-se também análises físico químicas e entrevista visando verificar a aceitação de um iogurte com sabor de acerola por tratar-se de um produto inovador. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o produto adicionado de 2 % de polpa teria uma boa aceitação

Propolis application in food preservation: development of chitosan-based edible films

Edible films derived from chitosan highlight for its potential as coating packages, due to their antimicrobial activity and low oxygen permeability, while propolis has shown effective as a natural additive due to its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Thus, its combination to produce edible films, provides a promising approach to enhance the life spam of easily perishable foods. The present study describes the development of edible films based on chitosan produced from chitin extracted crawfish shell, modified with propolis. Chitosan-based films prepared incorporating different concentrations of poplar propolis extracts (0% to 20%), where characterized by FTIR, TGA and SEM. Additionally, mechanical properties, water-solubility, colour and optical transmittance tests were performed to assess the film specificities. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the coating were also studied. The FTIR spectra of the extracted material enable the identification of all major peaks associated to chitosan, corroborating the extraction procedure of chitin/chitosan from crawfish. The addition of propolis to the films decreased the water solubility compared to control. Besides, all films exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The output clear indicates that films enriched with propolis may be an alternative candidate for food packing.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020). National funding by FCT- Foundation for Science and Technology, through the institutional scientific employment program-contract with Soraia I. Falcão.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Perfil microbiológico e potencial simbiótico de gelados comestíveis light adicionados de farinha de mandioca cozida / Microbiological profile and symbotic potential of added light edible ice from cooked cassava flour

A fissura labial com ou sem fenda palatina (CL / P) é a anomalia craniofacial mais frequente. Os avanços na análise molecular e quantitativa sugerem que a etiologia é multifatorial da CL / P não sindrômica (NSCL / P) e oferece novas oportunidades para identificar genes e interações gene-ambiente relevantes para a etiologia desse defeito de nascimento comum e representativo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo detectar variantes genéticas nos genes IRF6 e GRHL3 e suscetibilidade ao NSCL / P em populações da região centro-oeste e norte do Brasil. Analisamos um conjunto de 80 indivíduos com NSCL / P da Associação de Combate como Deformidades Faciais, recrutados no Centro-Oeste e Norte do Brasil. Realizamos a amplificação da sonda multiplexada dependente da ligação (P304-B1-IRF6 / GRHL3 (lote B1-0116)) e análise de PCR para confirmação. No estudo MPLA, o éxon 4 de GRHL3, mostra uma possível alteração. Portanto, realizamos uma validação por PCR dessas alterações. Os resultados não mostraram alteração nesses genes (IRF6 e GRHL3), corroborando com estudos anteriores. Até onde sabemos, este estudo de ambos os genes é o primeiro nessas áreas específicas do Brasil, analisando indivíduos com NSCL / P. Estudos identificaram uma variante missense no gene grainyhead-like-3 (GRHL3) em indivíduos com fissura palatina. A contribuição dessas variantes genéticas para a suscetibilidade ao NSCL / P deve ser investigada em diferentes populações e coortes. Assim, as causas genéticas subjacentes da NSCL / P permanecem amplamente desconhecidas

Production of chitosan-based biodegradable active films using bio-waste enriched with polyphenol propolis extract envisaging food packaging applications

Developing biodegradable active films has been a promising green approach to overcoming global concerns over the environmental pollution and human health caused by plastic utilization. This study aimed to develop active films based on chitosan (CS), produced from waste crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) shells enriched with bioactive extract (5–20%) of propolis (PS) and to characterize its properties, envisaging food packaging applications. The chromatographic profile of PS extract confirmed its richness, with 41 phenolic compounds. With increasing extract addition to the chitosan, the thickness of the films increased from 61.7 to 71.7 μm, causing a reduction in the light transmission rate, along with a greenish colour shift. The interactions between PS extract and CS was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, at the same time that the microstructural integrity of the films was checked on the scanning electron microscopy micrographs. The findings also showed that addition of PS enhanced the films thermal stability and mechanical properties e.g., tensile modulus, yield strength, and stress at break. Besides, it improved the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Overall, CS-based composite films seem a promising green alternative to petroleum-based synthetic plastics allowing to extend the shelf life of food products due to their eco-friendly nature.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020) and contracts through the individual and institutional scientific employment program-contract with Soraia I. Falcão and Arantzazu Santamaria Echart. Thanks to the Programa Apícola Nacional 2020-2022 (National Beekeeping Program) for funding the project “Standardization of production procedures and quality parameters of bee products” and to Project PDR2020-1.0.1- FEADER-031734: “DivInA-Diversification and Innovation on Beekeeping Production”. Finally, this work is funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Regional Operational Program North 2020, within the scope of Project GreenHealth - Digital strategies in biological assets to improve well-being and promote green health, Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Development of a natural preservative based on catechin and derivatives from plant origin

The controversy and ambiguity related with chemical additives, allied to the sporadic scares, have paved the way for natural additives to gain interest and funding. Today, most consumers prefer foods added with natural additives, which is seen by the food industry as an opportunity to find new and more efficient natural‐based solutions. Polyphenols constitute some of the most interesting groups of natural compounds in the vegetable kingdom and due to their antioxidant capacity, they have been used to develop natural additives in the class of preservatives. They can be added as plant extracts, taking advantage of the synergistic effects between compounds, or as individual molecules. Catechin, a widely known flavon‐3‐ol, is also known for its antioxidant activity. The discovery of new alternative sources of natural additives is also a very important topic, therefore the aim of this study was to obtain an extract enriched in catechins (natural preservative), from fruits of Arbutus unedo L., as an alternative source to the already well studied Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze. However, the catechin stability during the extraction and storage processes requires essential conditions that need to be examined cautiously. Therefore, a stability study of the enriched catechin extract powder was performed, evaluating the main affecting conditions involved in the obtaining and storage of the extract and its stability in mimitized food matrices. To determine these effects three main variables (time, temperature and pH) affecting catechin function were considered, being the catechin content monitored by HPLC‐DAD. Mechanistic and phenomenological equations were used to describe the responses and optimal conditions for catechin stability. Overall, with this study the best stability conditions for catechin enriched extracts were established (information protected by a submitted patent) in order to allow its use as a natural preserver by the food industry.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support to CIMO and L. Barros (SFRH/BPD/107855/2015).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio