L'Amministrazione dei beni come spazio di libertà per l'ordinamento canonico

“The administration of the temporal goods as a space of liberty for the Canonical legal system.” is both the title and the subject matter of this doctoral thesis. The topic, which represents a clear example of res mixtae, is analyzed from the perspective of the Canonical legal system, seeking to give an original and complete review of the juridical terms by means of which the Catholic Church vindicates for itself the right to administrate its temporal goods. The analysis starts from the Canon 1254 of the current Codex Iuris Canonici, which recognizes the ius pubblicum ecclesiasticum principle according to which the Catholic Church by innate right is able to acquire, retain, administer and alienate temporal goods in order to pursue its proper purposes In particular, this provision is considered under the profile of the historical evolution that led to the current wording as well as in its dogmatic meaning and in the implications with the current Canonical legal system. After having defined – through the analysis of this provision – the space of patrimonial freedom that the Catholic Church asks for itself, the thesis deals with the provisions of the Book V, Title II of the Codex Iuris Canonici, which are dedicated to the administration of the temporal goods belonging to the Catholic Church. Firstly it considers the subjects involved at any title in the administration of ecclesiastical goods (such as the Roman Pontiff, the Ordinary, the Immediate Administrator, the finance officer, the finance council and the conference of bishops). Secondly it pays attention to the different acts of administration (transactions which can worsen the stable patrimony of the owner legal entity, acts of ordinary and extraordinary administration, maioris momenti acts). Finally, the thesis deals with the pathology of the acts of administration in the Canonical legal system, with regard both to the effects of the invalidity and the deriving responsibility, and with the relationships between the provisions of the Title II and the Italian legal system

Trasformazione, fusione e scissione degli enti canonici nell’ordinamento della Chiesa e dello Stato

SOMMARIO: 1. Riorganizzazione ecclesiastica e operazioni straordinarie degli enti canonici - 2. Le operazioni straordinarie nel Codice di diritto canonico: i canoni 121 e 122 - 3. Competenza dell’autorità ecclesiastica e procedura canonica - 4. (segue) licenze e controlli canonici - 5. Disciplina civile delle operazioni straordinarie degli enti canonici - 6. Mutamenti sostanziali degli enti ecclesiastici civilmente riconosciuti - 7. Operazioni straordinarie degli enti di diritto comune: trasformazioni di associazioni di fedeli e pie fondazioni - 8. (segue) fusioni e scissioni - 9. Enti religiosi con ramo del Terzo settore o di impresa sociale - 10. Profili fiscali delle operazioni straordinarie e beni culturali. Conversion, merger and acquisition as well as split-up of Catholic Church entities under Canon and Italian laws * ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes conversion, merger and acquisition as well as split-up of Catholic Church entities by assessing canon law (can. 121 and 122 C.i.c.), treaties between Church and Italy (l. n. 222/1985) as well as the Italian law governing non profit organizations

Il recupero dell’ICI non versata dagli enti non commerciali (anche religiosi). Presupposti ed esiti di una recente pronuncia della Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. L’esenzione ICI concessa agli immobili degli enti non commerciali: tratti salienti di una vicenda giuridica lunga e complessa – 3. La decisione della Commissione e la conferma del Tribunale UE: l’esenzione dall’ICI era un aiuto di Stato che non può essere recuperato - 4. Il recupero degli aiuti illegittimi: il contesto normativo e giurisprudenziale di riferimento – 5. Il merito della sentenza: la mancata leale collaborazione nella ricerca di modalità alternative per il recupero dell’aiuto - 6. Possibili esiti della sentenza – 7. Ipotesi di “modalità alternative” per il recupero dell’aiuto – 8. Il legittimo affidamento degli enti non commerciali – 9. L’incidenza del tempo sulla possibilità di recupero: la prescrizione – 10. Il valore dell’imposta da recuperare e la deroga prevista per gli aiuti de minimis.Recovery of the ICI from non-commercial entities (including religious entities) in a recent Court of Justice EU rulingABSTRACT. On 6 November 2018, the Court of Justice ruled on the recover of ICI from non-commercial entities (including religious entities) carry out economic activities. The essay analys the judgment (C-622/16, Scuola elementare Maria Montessori/Commissione, EU:C:2018:873) and its practical significance

Adsorpcijske izoterme i kinetičko modeliranje uklanjanja fenolnih spojeva pomoću aktivnog ugljena, iz otpadnih voda dobivenih pri proizvodnji maslinovog ulja

The adsorption of phenolic compounds from olive oil wastewater by commercial activated carbon was studied as a function of adsorbent quantity and temperature. The sorption kinetics and the equilibrium isotherms were evaluated. Under optimum conditions (8 g of activated carbon per 100 mL), the maximum sorption capacity of activated carbon expressed as mg of caff eic acid equivalent per g of activated carbon was 35.8 at 10 °C, 35.4 at 25 °C and 36.1 at 40 °C. The pseudo-second-order model was considered as the most suitable for kinetic results, and Langmuir isotherm was chosen to bett er describe the sorption system. The results confi rmed the effi ciency of activated carbon to remove almost all phenolic compound fractions from olive mill effl uent. The preliminary results obtained will be used in future studies. The carbohydrate fraction of this upgraded residue could be employed to produce bioethanol, and adsorbed phenolic compounds can be recovered and used in different industries.U radu je ispitana ovisnost adsorpcije fenolnih spojeva iz otpadnih voda, dobivenih pri proizvodnji maslinovog ulja, o količini adsorbensa (komercijalni aktivni ugljen) i temperaturi. Proučene su kinetika sorpcije i ravnotežne izoterme. Pri optimalnim uvjetima (8 g aktivnog ugljena na 100 mL) najveća je sposobnost sorpcije, izražena u mg ekvivalenata kafeinske kiseline po g aktivnog ugljena, iznosila 35,8 pri temperaturi od 10 °C, 35,4 pri 25 °C i 36,1 pri 40 °C. Dobivene kinetičke rezultate najbolje je opisao model pseudo drugog reda, dok je za opisivanje sorpcije odabrana Langmuirova izoterma. Rezultati potvrđuju učinkovitost aktivnog ugljena u uklanjanju gotovo svih fenolnih spojeva iz otpadnih voda. Ovi će se preliminarni rezultati upotrijebiti u daljnjim istraživanjima. Ugljikohidrati preostali nakon uklanjanja fenolnih spojeva iz otpadnih voda mogli bi se upotrijebiti za dobivanje bioetanola, a adsorbirani se fenolni spojevi mogu naknadno koristiti u raznim granama industrije

A Hu–Washizu variational approach to self-stabilized virtual elements: 2D linear elastostatics

An original, variational formulation of the Virtual Element Method (VEM) is proposed, based on a Hu–Washizu mixed variational statement for 2D linear elastostatics. The proposed variational framework appears to be ideal for the formulation of VEs, whereby compatibility is enforced in a weak sense and the strain model can be prescribed a priori, independently of the unknown displacement model. It is shown how the ensuing freedom in the definition of the strain model can be conveniently exploited for the formulation of self-stabilized and possibly locking-free low order VEs. The superior performances of the VEs formulated within this framework has been verified by application to several numerical tests

Food Waste Causes in Fruit and Vegetables Supply Chains

Fruit and vegetables are a core component of healthy diets, but horticultural production and distribution activities suffer from a high incidence of surplus food and food waste. The intrinsic perishability of products as well recurring pests, diseases and contamination events are since long recognized to be primary reasons for fruit and vegetables wastage, but a more thorough knowledge of causes, including external events and internal strategies and practices, is necessary to design and implement waste reduction strategies. However, literature on waste causes in fruit and vegetables supply chains is rather fragmented. Most existing studies focus on single products, single deterioration mechanisms or single reuse or recycling choices, and hardly ever investigate more than one stage of the fruit and vegetables supply chain. The main objective of the paper is to offer an instrument for identifying in a comprehensive way the possible origin points and root issues behind food waste generation in the stages of fruit and vegetables supply chains. The research is conducted through the application of two methods. A first phase consists in a deep literature review, whose results are summarized in the so-called Causes Framework. This qualitative instrument shows the possible sources of fruit and vegetables surplus and waste, highlighting for each supply chain stage the high-priority causes and for each cause the fundamental root issue. The second research phase is a case study that shows how the Framework can be applied to pinpoint the most significant causes for specific supply chains. The unit of analysis is the supply chain of an Italian PGI pear. Primary information is gathered from 6 enterprises through 7 semi-structured interviews. The most critical causes of surplus and waste generation in the focal supply chain are found as the intersection between interview answers and Framework predictions. The paper integrates sparse pieces of knowledge on the processes of food waste generation in fruit and vegetables supply chains, and offers an instrument that may support private and public decision-makers in the reduction of horticultural waste

resolving a 150 year old paternity case in mormon history using dtc autosomal dna testing of distant relatives

Abstract Although autosomal DNA testing has been available for a number of years, its use to reconstruct genetic profiles of people that lived centuries in the past is relatively recent and there are no published cases where it was employed to verify a kinship relation, likely to be an alleged paternity, that occurred one and a half century ago. DNA testing has already been employed to study the ancestry and posterity of Joseph Smith Jr., founder of the Latter-day Saint (Mormon) movement. Thanks to information found on the paternally inherited Y chromosome, a number of alleged paternities have been disproved, but obviously this analysis is not effective for alleged daughters. Likewise, his reconstructed mitogenome sequence, reported here for the first time, provides information about his maternal ancestry, but is useless in any paternity questions due to the strict maternal inheritance. Among all the children attributed to Joseph Smith Jr., Josephine Lyon, born in 1844, is perhaps the most frequently mentioned. In the current study, 56 individuals, mostly direct descendants of Joseph Smith Jr. and Josephine Lyon, had their autosomal DNA tested to verify Josephine's biological paternity. Nearly 600,000 autosomal SNPs from each subject were typed and detailed genealogical data were compiled. The absence of shared DNA between Josephine's grandson and Joseph Smith Jr.'s five great-grandchildren together with various amounts of autosomal DNA shared by the same individual with four other relatives of Windsor Lyon is a clear indication that Josephine was not related to the Smith, but to the Lyon's family. These inferences were also verified using kinship analyses and likelihood ratio calculations

Grape by-products: extraction of polyphenolic compounds using supercritical CO2 and liquid organic solvent - a preliminary investigation.

This research focussed on the exploitation of grape by-products as a source of polyphenolic compounds, which are of interest to the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In particular, two substrates were tested: Pinot Noir grape skins and grape seeds. Pinot Noir grape skins were extracted by supercritical CO2 added with ethanol as modifier at constant temperature (45 °C) and at variable pressure (200, 300, 400 or 500 bar). The supercritical extraction kinetics of polyphenolic compounds was obtained. Grape seeds were extracted by combining supercritical (at 40 °C and 500 bar and using CO2 or CO2 added with ethanol as modifier) with liquid ethanol extraction. The supercritical technique seemed not to be really effective in extracting polyphenolic compounds; it can be anyway utilized to selectively extract grape seed oil by avoiding any solvent contamination of the matrix which can be further extracted for the recovery of polyphenolic compounds by means of liquid organic solvent

Microalgae growth using winery wastewater for energetic and environmental purposes

Winery wastewater (WWW), produced by winemaking activities (cleaning, transferring and storage operations), is an aqueous solution containing ethanol, organic acids, sugars, aldehydes, other microbial metabolites, soaps and detergents. Nowadays, innovative wastewater treatment processes are based on bacterial and yeast species while the role of microalgae is still unclear. Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis and Chlorella vulgaris are unicellular prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms, respectively, which can be easily grown even in non-optimal conditions. Several studies reported that the amount and quality of lipids contained in microalgal cells can differ as an outcome of changes in growth conditions or growth medium characteristics (concentration of carbon, nitrogen, phosphate, iron, etc.). In this study, we investigated the influence of different concentrations of WWW (20, 40 and 60 % v/v of the medium) on the growth and chemical composition of those photosynthetic microorganisms. Microalgae were grown into vertical glass bubblers (250 mL). The biomass concentration was quantified daily by measuring the optical density at 560 and 625 nm for A. platensis and C. vulgaris, respectively. Total Carbon and total Nitrogen concentrations, both in the media (mg/L) and in microalga biomass (g/100g), were monitored by a CHNS-O analyser. In order to quantify the influence of WWW-enrich media on the lipid concentration and composition, biomass was collected at the beginning of the stationary phase and the lipid fraction was extracted. Results suggested that the two tested microalgae can growth in media enriched with WWW and the total Nitrogen concentrations decreased up to 90 and 100 % for A. platensis and C. vulgaris, respectively. In conclusion, WWW could be successfully used for the growth of the tested microalgae, leading to a reduction of the environmental impact of this wastewater