IDENTIFIKASI DIATOMS PADA ORGAN HATI, GINJAL DAN PARU KORBAN TENGGELAM MENGGUNAKAN TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus norvegicus) DI SUNGAI PELUS SOKARAJA

Tenggelam adalah salah satu penyebab utama kematian ketiga di dunia. Kematian akibat tenggelam yang terjadi di air tawar (sungai, danau, kolam) hampir 90%. Salah satu pemeriksaan khusus untuk mengidentifikasi korban yang meninggal akibat tenggelam adalah dengan pemeriksaan diatom. Diatom adalah fitoplankton uniseluler yang dapat digunakan sebagai bukti intravitalitas korban tenggelam, artinya korban masuk ke dalam air saat masih hidup dan kemudian mati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui diatom pada organ hepar, ginjal dan paru-paru tikus putih yang tenggelam di Sungai Pelus. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen, dengan 15 ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) yang ditenggelamkan di air Sungai Pelus. Identifikasi diatom pada hepar, ginjal dan paru dilakukan dengan metode destruksi asam. Hasil yang diperoleh di hati teridentifikasi 19 diatom dari 7 genera : Amphora, Eunotia, Simonsenia, Epithemia, Fragilaria, Ulnaria, dan Synedra; organ ginjal mengidentifikasi 22 diatom dari 7 genera : Amphora, Navicula, Cymbella, Cocconeis, Epithemia, Fragilaria, dan Ulnaria; dan organ paru-paru teridentifikasi sebanyak 94 diatom dari 10 genera : Amphora, Diadesmis, Navicula, Simonsenia, Nitzschia, Epithemia, Isthmia, Ulnaria, Synedra, dan Aulacoseira. Sedangkan dari hasil pemeriksaan sampel air media Sungai Pelus didapatkan 14 genus diatom yaitu Amphora, Eunotia, Diadesmis, Navicula, Simonsenia, Nitzschia, Cymbella, Cocconeis, Epithemia, Isthmia, Fragilaria, Ulnaria, Synedra, dan Aulacoseira. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa genus diatom yang ditemukan di hati, ginjal dan paru-paru sama dengan genus yang ditemukan pada sampel air medium Sungai Pelus

Profile of Biofilm-Producing Staphylococcus epidermidis from Intravenous Catheter Colonisation at Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Hospital Purwokerto

Biofilm- producing Staphylococcus epidermidis has evolved to be a significant human pathogen, particularly in the use of medical devices such as an intravenous catheter. Furthermore, biofilm-producing bacteria 10-1000 fold less susceptible to several antimicrobial agents than free-bacteria. This simple survey aimed to describe the profile of biofilm-producing S. epidermidis from intravenous catheter colonization of some patients in surgical and internal medicine wards at the hospital Margono Soekarjo, Purwokerto, and the antibiotics resistance pattern. A vitek® 2 compact (Enseval Medika Prima) was performed to identify the bacterial species and to examine the 73 antibiotics for understanding the resistance pattern automatically. Microtiter plate biofilm assay with crystal violet staining was performed to measure biofilm optical density (OD) for analyzing the biofilm production capabilities. A scanning electron microscopy  (SEM)  was done to compare the thickness of ultrastructure of biofilm-producing S. epidermidis visually. The present study found that 2 of  8 Gram-positive bacteria (25%) were biofilm-producing  S. epidermidis.  One of  S. epidermidis was moderate whereas the other was high biofilm-producing bacteria. Images of SEM showed that a high biofilm-producing S. epidermidis has a thicker ultrastructure of biofilm than the moderate biofilm-producing, whereas a control, the weak biofilm-producing  S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 has the least biofilm. Both of S. epidermidis strains were sensitive to Gentamicin, Moxifloxacin, Quinupristin/Dalfopristin, Linezolid, Vancomycin, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Tetracycline, Tigecycline, and Nitrofurantoin. Furthermore, both  S. epidermidis strains were resistant to the other (63) antibiotics. In conclusion, two strains of S. epidermidis in this study have different capabilities to form the biofilm which were showed that high biofilm-producing strain was thicker than moderate biofilm-producing strain by scanning electron microscopy. However, both of them were resistant to the same number of antibiotics.

ROLE OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2) IN YOGHURT (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) IN INHIBITING THE GROWTH OF Staphylococcus epidermidis CAUSES OF ACNE VULGARIS

   Acne vulgaris (AV) is an inflammation of the pilosebaceous follicles caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Yoghurt is the result of fermented milk with a mixture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus as Lactic Acid Bacteria (BAL) which produce several compounds like lactic acid, bacteriocin, hydrogen peroxide, and carbon dioxide. Hydrogen peroxide is effective in reducing inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions in  AV patients. This study aims to determine whether hydrogen peroxide produced by lactic acid bacteria in yoghurt affects inhibiting the growth of S. epidermidis. This research is an experimental study with the post-test only method with control group design which was conducted in vitro. Analysis of H2O2 levels in yoghurt using permanganometric titration. Bacterial growth inhibition test using macro delusion and colony counter. The samples used were 30 samples with two repetitions and divided into 10 concentration groups (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%) with 0 % as negative control. Differences in treatment group barriers were analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test. One Way Anova test showed p < 0.001 which indicated a significant difference between each concentration group. The results of the Post-Hoc LSD test were p<0.05 between the control group and all treatment groups. H2O2   in yoghurt has antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis. This study showed that there was an inhibition of the growth of S. epidermidis by yoghurt at concentration of 5% had a hydrogen peroxide content of 0.17 mg/mL and pH of 5.7 was the minimum inhibitory concentration of  S. epidermidis growth.  Akne Vulgaris (AV) adalah peradangan pada folikel pilosebasea yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Yoghurt adalah   hasil   fermentasi   susu   dengan   campuran   kultur   bakteri Lactobacillus bulgaricus dan Streptopcoccus thermophilus sebagai bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) yang menghasilkan beberapa senyawa yaitu asam laktat, bakteriosin, hidrogen peroksida, dan karbondioksida. Pemberian hidrogen peroksida efektif dalam mengurangi lesi inflamatorik dan non-inflamatorik pada penderita AV. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah hidrogen peroksida yang dihasilkan bakteri asam laktat pada yoghurt berperan dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri S. epidermidis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan metode post-test only with control group design yang dilakukan secara in vitro. Analisis kadar H2O2 dalam yoghurt menggunakan tektik titrasi permanganometri. Uji hambatan pertumbuhan bakteri menggunakan metode makrodelusi dan colony counter. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 30 sampel dengan dua kali pengulangan dan terbagi dalam 10 kelompok konsentrasi (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%) dengan 0% sebagai kontrol negative. Perbedaan hambatan kelompok perlakuan dianalisis menggunakan uji One Way ANOVA. Analisis uji One Way Anova menunjukkan hasil p<0,001 yang menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antara masing-masing kelompok konsentrasi. Hasil uji Post-Hoc LSD adalah p<0,05 antara kelompok kontrol dan semua kelompok perlakuan. H2O2 dalam yoghurt mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. epidermidis. Penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat penghambatan pertumbuhan S. epidermidis oleh yoghurt dan konsentrasi 5% memiliki kandungan hidrogen peroksida sebesar 0,17 mg/mL dan nilai pH 5,7 merupakan konsentrasi hambat minimal pertumbuhan S. epidermidis

Resistensi Klebsiella SP terhadap Meropenem di RSUD Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto

Resistant Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Klebsiella sp., has become a serious problem in hospitals as one of the main causes of nosocomial infections spread through urine catheterization. Infections of Klebsiella sp. producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) can lead to significant economic and clinical negative outcome. This study was aimed to determine the sensitivity of ESBL Klebsiella sp. against meropenem as a cause of nosocomial infections in Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo hospital. This research obtained urine samples from the urinary catheter of patients hospitalized for at least two days in the surgical ward and intensive care unit. ESBL examination conducted by the initial screen test, meanwhile, sensitivity test to meropenem done by using disk diffusion test. Among the 40 patients examined in this study 7.5% isolates were Klebsiella sp-positive. This research identified five percent of the total patients as ESBL positive with the level of sensitivity against meropenem was revealed as resistant

Peningkatan Penggunaan Antibiotik Secara Bijak Melalui Intervensi Alih Pengetahuan Untuk Merubah Persepsi Masyarakat di Kabupaten Banyumas

IMPROVED USE OF ANTIBIOTIC BY USING TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE INTERVENTIONS TO CHANGE THE COMMUNITY PERCEPTION IN BANYUMAS DISTRICT. The use of antibiotics without indication by the medical community and the community became the trigger factor of increasing the incidence of antibiotic resistance in Indonesia. Meanwhile by 20150 antibiotic resistance is predictedto be the leading cause of death in the world. Community devotion was aimed at improving the understanding of society so that that is a change of perception about the use of antibiotic wisely. The target respondents of devotion consists of member of the family welfare empowerment group (PKK). A seriaes of activities undertaken were pre and post test to measure respondents' understanding of antibiotic use before and after intervention in the transfer of knowledge. The questionnaire used previously tested its validity by Pearson product moment test and its reliability by Alpha-Cronbach. The Sharpening of material obtained in knowledge transfer was done with role play and discussion. The result of T test analysis to score of quesionnaire before and after knowledge transfer showed significant p value (p = 0,049). The conclusion was that the transfer of knowledge can change the perception of PKK members about the wise use of antibiotics

UJI Aktifitas Antifungi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya Linn) terhadap Candida albicans

Candida albicans merupakan patogen oportunistik pada membran mukosa rongga mulut. C. albicans dalam jumlah berlebihan pada mukosa rongga mulut dapat menimbulkan infeksi kandidiasis oral. Pengobatan kandidiasis menggunakan obat sintetik memiliki efek samping pada pasien dengan kondisi khusus seperti mual, muntah dan diare, sehingga diperlukan alternatif pengobatan yang lebih aman, salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan daun pepaya. Daun pepaya memiliki kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder yang berkhasiat sebagai antifungi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui aktivitas antifungi dan KHM ekstrak etanol daun pepaya California pada konsentrasi 2,5%, 5%, 7,5%, 10 %, 12,5%, 15%. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental laboratoris secara in vitro dengan rancangan penelitian berupa post-test only control group design. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode dilusi dengan pengukuran menggunakan spektrofotometer. Uji fitokimia ekstrak etanol daun pepaya California mengandung senyawa aktif berupa flavonoid, saponin, tannin, dan alkaloid. Ekstrak etanol daun pepaya dapat menghambat pertumbuhan C. albicans pada konsentrasi 7,5%, 10%, 12,5% dan 15% dengan nilai absorbansi -0,0250, -0.0125, -0.0368 dan -0.0397. Ekstrak etanol daun pepaya California mempunyai aktivitas antifungi terhadap jamur C. albicans dengan nilai KHM sebesar 7,5%

Peningkatan Penggunaan Antibiotik secara Bijak melalui Intervensi Alih Pengetahuan untuk Merubah Persepsi Masyarakat di Kabupaten Banyumas

IMPROVED USE OF ANTIBIOTIC BY USING TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE INTERVENTIONS TO CHANGE THE COMMUNITY PERCEPTION IN BANYUMAS DISTRICT. The use of antibiotics without indication by the medical community and the community became the trigger factor of increasing the incidence of antibiotic resistance in Indonesia. Meanwhile by 20150 antibiotic resistance is predictedto be the leading cause of death in the world. Community devotion was aimed at improving the understanding of society so that that is a change of perception about the use of antibiotic wisely. The target respondents of devotion consists of member of the family welfare empowerment group (PKK). A seriaes of activities undertaken were pre and post test to measure respondents' understanding of antibiotic use before and after intervention in the transfer of knowledge. The questionnaire used previously tested its validity by Pearson product moment test and its reliability by Alpha-Cronbach. The Sharpening of material obtained in knowledge transfer was done with role play and discussion. The result of T test analysis to score of quesionnaire before and after knowledge transfer showed significant p value (p = 0,049). The conclusion was that the transfer of knowledge can change the perception of PKK members about the wise use of antibiotics

Uji Aktivitas Yoghurt UJI EFEKTIVITAS YOGHURT SINGLE DAN DOUBLE STRAIN DALAM MENGHAMBAT BAKTERI Salmonella typhi PENYEBAB DEMAM TIFOID

Salmonella typhi adalah bakteri gram negatif penyebab demam tifoid. Penyakit ini dapat dicegah dengan mengonsumsi makanan fermentasi yang mengandung bakteri asam laktat (BAL). Yoghurt merupakan salah satu produk olahan hasil fermentasi BAL dengan bahan dasar susu. BAL yang digunakan dalam pembuatan yoghurt adalah single strain Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus serta double strain Lactobacillus bulgaricus dan Streptococcus thermophilus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan BAL yoghurt single strain dengan double strain dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Salmonella typhi dengan menghitung rata-rata zona hambat yang terbentuk. Metode penelitian ini adalah experimental design dengan post test only with control group design. Pengujian bakteri menggunakan difusi sumuran. Total sampel sebanyak 16 sampel dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok konsentrasi masing-masing 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, dan 80%. Rancangan percobaan pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Analisis data menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis dan Post Hoc Mann Whitney. Hasil penelitian didapatkan median diameter zona hambat BAL yoghurt double strain Streptococcus thermophilus dan Lactobacillus bulgaricus > single strain Lactobacillus bulgaricus > Streptococcus thermophilus. Pada uji Kruskal Wallis didapatkan nilai p = 0,000, terdapat perbedaan antara kelompok yang diberi perlakuan dan tidak diberi perlakuan. Hasil uji  penelitian didapatkan perbedaan signifikan median diameter zona hambat antar kelompok. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa yoghurt double strain memiliki kemampuan penghambatan pertumbuhan Salmonellla typhi yang lebih baik dibandingkan yoghurt single strain Lactobacillus Blugaricus atau  Streptococcus thermophilus

The DESCRIPTION OF DIATOMES EXAMINATION IN HEPARIAL ORGANS IN DROWNING CASE IN THE PELUS RIVER SOKARAJA BANYUMAS USING THE WHITE RATS (Rattus novergicus)

Diatoms can be used to identificate and diagnose drowning cases because it can enter the body during inhaling in the water. Previous studies have shown that diatoms can be found in the liver of drowning cases, but this cannot be used as evidence of drowning cases. This study aimsto determine diatoms in the liver organs of white rats that drowned in Pelus River. This studyuses an experimental method, with 15 white rats (Rattus norvegicus) which were submerged in water from the Pelus River. Identification of diatoms in the liver was carried out using the acid destruction method. The results of the research are 9 genus of diatoms that can be identified; Amphora, Eunotia, Amphorotia, Simonsenia, Epithemia, Synedra, Ulnaria, Fragilaria, Asterionella. Meanwhile, there were only 5 genus of diatoms identified in the river water samples; Amphora, Eunotia, Craticula, Diadesmis, and Fragilaria. From this research it can be concluded that there are 9 genus of diatoms that can be identified in the livers of white rats that drowned in the fresh waters of the Pelus Rive