50 research outputs found

    The Stoic Use of Dialectic in Ethics : from Zeno to Epictetus

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    Afin d'examiner l'usage stoïcien de la dialectique en éthique, nous nous penchons d'abord sur les positions et les discours des représentants du Portique, de Zénon à Epictète. La première partie est consacrée aux évolutions et aux débats qui, à l'époque hellénistique, ont rythmé la réflexion stoïcienne sur l'utilité de la dialectique. Nous passons en revue les positions de Zénon, Ariston, Cléanthe, Chrysippe, Diogène de Babylonie, Panétius et Posidonius, tout en les replaçant dans le contexte du débat avec les académiciens, les épicuriens et les péripatéticiens. Dans la deuxième partie, consacrée à l'époque impériale, l'enjeu pédagogique devient prédominant et c'est dans cette perspective qu'il faut interpréter les positions et les critiques de Sénèque, de Musonius et d'Epictète : elles visent à définir le bon usage de la dialectique dans le cadre de l'enseignement moral. Dans la troisième partie, nous nous proposons de faire un inventaire systématique des procédés dialectiques au sein d'un large corpus de textes éthiques stoïciens (Cicéron, Stobée, Sénèque, Epictète). Cet inventaire permet d'illustrer le discours sur les usages de la dialectique, mais aussi de mettre en évidence un certains nombres d'usages que l'étude du discours n'avait pas soupçonnés.In order to examine the Stoic use of dialectic in ethics, we start by investigating the positions of the members of the Stoa, From Zenon to Epictetus. The first part is devoted to the evolutions and debates which, in the Hellenistic period, marked the Stoic reflection on the uses of dialectic. We review the positions of Zeno, Aristo, Cleanthes, Chrysippus, Diogenes of Babylon, Panetius and Posidonius, and understand them in the context of the debates with the Academics, the Epicureans and the Peripatetics. In the second part, devoted to the imperial period, the pedagogical issue becomes predominant and explains the positions and the criticisms against dialectics of Seneca, Musonius and Epictetus : they intend to define the proper use of dialectic in moral education. After having examined the Stoics' discourse on the usefulness of dialectic, we offer a systematic inventory of the dialectical tools used within a large corpus of Stoic ethical texts (by Cicero, Stobaeus, Seneca and Epictetus). This inventory allows us to illustrate the discourse on the uses of dialectic in ethics, but also to highlight a number of uses which were not covered by explicit statements about the utility of dialectic

    L'Usage stoïcien de la dialectique en éthique, de Zénon à Epictète

    No full text
    In order to examine the Stoic use of dialectic in ethics, we start by investigating the positions of the members of the Stoa, From Zenon to Epictetus. The first part is devoted to the evolutions and debates which, in the Hellenistic period, marked the Stoic reflection on the uses of dialectic. We review the positions of Zeno, Aristo, Cleanthes, Chrysippus, Diogenes of Babylon, Panetius and Posidonius, and understand them in the context of the debates with the Academics, the Epicureans and the Peripatetics. In the second part, devoted to the imperial period, the pedagogical issue becomes predominant and explains the positions and the criticisms against dialectics of Seneca, Musonius and Epictetus : they intend to define the proper use of dialectic in moral education. After having examined the Stoics' discourse on the usefulness of dialectic, we offer a systematic inventory of the dialectical tools used within a large corpus of Stoic ethical texts (by Cicero, Stobaeus, Seneca and Epictetus). This inventory allows us to illustrate the discourse on the uses of dialectic in ethics, but also to highlight a number of uses which were not covered by explicit statements about the utility of dialectic.Afin d'examiner l'usage stoïcien de la dialectique en éthique, nous nous penchons d'abord sur les positions et les discours des représentants du Portique, de Zénon à Epictète. La première partie est consacrée aux évolutions et aux débats qui, à l'époque hellénistique, ont rythmé la réflexion stoïcienne sur l'utilité de la dialectique. Nous passons en revue les positions de Zénon, Ariston, Cléanthe, Chrysippe, Diogène de Babylonie, Panétius et Posidonius, tout en les replaçant dans le contexte du débat avec les académiciens, les épicuriens et les péripatéticiens. Dans la deuxième partie, consacrée à l'époque impériale, l'enjeu pédagogique devient prédominant et c'est dans cette perspective qu'il faut interpréter les positions et les critiques de Sénèque, de Musonius et d'Epictète : elles visent à définir le bon usage de la dialectique dans le cadre de l'enseignement moral. Dans la troisième partie, nous nous proposons de faire un inventaire systématique des procédés dialectiques au sein d'un large corpus de textes éthiques stoïciens (Cicéron, Stobée, Sénèque, Epictète). Cet inventaire permet d'illustrer le discours sur les usages de la dialectique, mais aussi de mettre en évidence un certains nombres d'usages que l'étude du discours n'avait pas soupçonnés

    Prospective Water Supply Mix for Life Cycle Assessment and Resource Policy Support-Assessment of Forecasting Scenarios Accounting for Future Changes in Water Demand and Availability

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    International audienceFreshwater comes from different sources unevenly distributed over time and space around the world and plays a key role in the planning of all social and economic sectors on a regional scale. In this context, a consistent framework for modeling regional water supply mix (WSmix) at a worldwide scale has already been developed for use in life cycle assessment (LCA). However, changes in water sources, driven by climate and socio-economic changes, will occur, affecting WSmix. This study aims to assess the need for a Prospective WSmix (P-WSmix) for implementation in LCA and water footprint studies as well as regional water management strategies. Environmental and socio-economic factors affecting future water supply are defined. Projections of the three main components of the P-WSmix (i.e., water sources mix (P-WOmix), technology evolutions, and associated electricity mix) are proposed for two water users (public water and irrigation), under three scenarios and time horizons until mid-21st century. For implementation of the P-WSmix in LCA, a P-WOmix database is provided for 74 countries on all continents as well as a prospective technological matrix and prospective electricity mixes. An illustrative case study shows the importance of including P-WSmix in LCI databases for the LCA of infrastructures or products with a long life span and tangible water use during use or end-of-life phase, through the example of a toilet flushing system. P-WSmix has an important added value in supporting regional adaptation strategies for the future water supply management

    Adrenergic activation modulates the signal from the Reissner fiber to cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons during development

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    International audienceThe cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains an extracellular thread conserved in vertebrates, the Reissner fiber, which controls body axis morphogenesis in the zebrafish embryo. Yet, the signaling cascade originating from this fiber to ensure body axis straightening is not understood. Here, we explore the functional link between the Reissner fiber and undifferentiated spinal neurons contacting the CSF (CSF-cNs). First, we show that the Reissner fiber is required in vivo for the expression of urp2, a neuropeptide expressed in CSF-cNs. We show that the Reissner fiber is also required for embryonic calcium transients in these spinal neurons. Finally, we study how local adrenergic activation can substitute for the Reissner fiber-signaling pathway to CSF-cNs and rescue body axis morphogenesis. Our results show that the Reissner fiber acts on CSF-cNs and thereby contributes to establish body axis morphogenesis, and suggest it does so by controlling the availability of a chemical signal in the CSF
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