Two-Grid Method for Burgers’ Equation by a New Mixed Finite Element Scheme

In this article, we present two-grid stable mixed finite element method for the 2D Burgers’ equation approximated by the -P1 pair which satisfies the inf–sup condition. This method consists in dealing with the nonlinear system on a coarse mesh with width H and the linear system on a fine mesh with width h << H by using Crank–Nicolson time-discretization scheme. Our results show that if we choose H2 = h this method can achieve asymptotically optimal approximation. Error estimates are derived in detail. Finally, numerical experiments show the efficiency of our proposed method and justify the theoretical results

Revealing the missing expressed genes beyond the human reference genome by RNA-Seq

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The complete and accurate human reference genome is important for functional genomics researches. Therefore, the incomplete reference genome and individual specific sequences have significant effects on various studies.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>we used two RNA-Seq datasets from human brain tissues and 10 mixed cell lines to investigate the completeness of human reference genome. First, we demonstrated that in previously identified ~5 Mb Asian and ~5 Mb African novel sequences that are absent from the human reference genome of NCBI build 36, ~211 kb and ~201 kb of them could be transcribed, respectively. Our results suggest that many of those transcribed regions are not specific to Asian and African, but also present in Caucasian. Then, we found that the expressions of 104 RefSeq genes that are unalignable to NCBI build 37 in brain and cell lines are higher than 0.1 RPKM. 55 of them are conserved across human, chimpanzee and macaque, suggesting that there are still a significant number of functional human genes absent from the human reference genome. Moreover, we identified hundreds of novel transcript contigs that cannot be aligned to NCBI build 37, RefSeq genes and EST sequences. Some of those novel transcript contigs are also conserved among human, chimpanzee and macaque. By positioning those contigs onto the human genome, we identified several large deletions in the reference genome. Several conserved novel transcript contigs were further validated by RT-PCR.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our findings demonstrate that a significant number of genes are still absent from the incomplete human reference genome, highlighting the importance of further refining the human reference genome and curating those missing genes. Our study also shows the importance of <it>de novo </it>transcriptome assembly. The comparative approach between reference genome and other related human genomes based on the transcriptome provides an alternative way to refine the human reference genome.</p

A new mixed finite element method based on the Crank-Nicolson scheme for Burgers' equation

summary:In this paper, a new mixed finite element method is used to approximate the solution as well as the flux of the 2D Burgers' equation. Based on this new formulation, we give the corresponding stable conforming finite element approximation for the $P_0^2-P_1$ pair by using the Crank-Nicolson time-discretization scheme. Optimal error estimates are obtained. Finally, numerical experiments show the efficiency of the new mixed method and justify the theoretical results

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of multilayered ARB6/3/6 2N Al processed by accumulative roll bonding

The multilayered 2N (99.2% purity) Al sheets containing 3-cycle ARB processed layers (shorted as ARB3 layer) with low strain and 6-cycle ARB processed layers (shorted as ARB6 layer) with high strain were prepared by accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process. The multilayered 2N Al (referred as ARB6/3/6 Al) sheets were further annealed at various temperatures. The effect of annealing process on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the multilayered ARB6/3/6 Al were systematically studied and compared with a conventional ARB6 2N Al. Recrystallized grains and grains coarsening are more pronounced in ARB6 layers comparing with the ARB3 layers due to high total strain in ARB6 layers. The ultimate tensile strength and uniform elongation of ARB6/3/6 are 219 MPa and 2.4%, respectively. Both decreasing trends of normalized strength are almost similar in ARB6 Al and ARB6/3/6 Al after annealing, while the elongation in ARB6/3/6 Al recover more rapidly than ARB6 2N Al due to the suppression of the early necking

Griflola frondosa (GF) produces significant antidepressant effects involving AMPA receptor activation in mice

Context: Griflola frondosa (Fr) S.F. Gray (Meripilaceae) (GF) is a medical mushroom, and its regulation of the immune system is of interest for the treatment of mood disorders. α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors are the central mediator for the treatment of depression. Objective: This study examines the antidepressant effects of GF and the role of AMPA in these antidepressant effects. Materials and methods: The CD-1 mice were fed with GF- or Pleurotus ostreatus [(Jacq.: Fr) Kumm (Pleurotaceae)] (PO)-containing food for 1 day or 5 days. The antidepressant effects was determined in the tail suspension test (TST), forced swim test (FST), and open field test (OFT). The involvement of AMPA receptors was determined by the application of the AMPA-specific blocker GYKI 52466. Results: Treatments with 20%, 33% or 50% of GF-containing food significantly decreased the immobility time (63.6, 56.9, and 52.0% in TST; and 50.8, 43.2, and 38.2% in FST) after 1 day and (62.3, 51.8, and 52.8% in TST; and 49.5, 45.1, and 40.3% in FST) after 5 days. GF-containing food did not cause hyperactive effects in the OFT. The antidepressant effects of the 33% of GF-containing food (down-to 51.3% in 1-day TST and 46.8% in 5-day FST) were significantly stronger than that of the 33% of PO-containing food (down-to 85.5% in 1-day TST and 82.0% in 5-day FST). AMPA-specific blocker GYKI 52466 was able to block the antidepressant effects of the GF-containing food. Conclusion: GF demonstrated the potential as a safe medical food supplement for the patient with depression