Spectral infrared hemispherical reflectance measurements for LDEF tray clamps

Infrared hemispherical reflectance measurements that were made on 58 chromic acid anodized tray clamps from LDEF are described. The measurements were made using a hemiellipsoidal mirror reflectometer with interferometer for wavelengths between 2-15 microns. The tray clamps investigated were from locations about the entire spacecraft and provided the opportunity for comparing the effects of atomic oxygen at each location. Results indicate there was essentially no dependence on atomic oxygen fluence for the surfaces studied, but there did appear to be a slight dependence on solar radiation exposure. The reflectances of the front sides of the tray clamps consistently were slightly higher than for the protected rear tray clamp surfaces

Socioeconomic and technical considerations to mitigate land and water degradation in the Peruvian Andes

This project aims to increase agricultural productivity, incomes, and sustainable management of land and water by small farmers in the rural Sierra region of Peru. Although results demonstrate the effectiveness of increased productivity and commercialization of high value agricultural commodities, this type of activity may be limited to certain parts of the watershed with access to irrigation and startup capital. Interventions promoting commercialization, such as those of CEDEPAS Norte, may result in reduced soil degradation and decreased conversion of pastures to cropland. On the other hand, the evaluation results for PRONAMACHCS indicate how difficult it is to improve the standard of life of the population by focusing exclusively on soil and water conservation techniques. Thus, this analysis indicates that a combination of activities may be necessary in order to improve productivity in the short term and promote adoption of sustainable soil and water conservation techniques in the medium and long term

Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization for Real-Time Monitoring of Trichloroethylene formed by Degradation of Tetrachloroethylene Using Zero-Valent Zinc

Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) is investigated as a potential technique for real-time monitoring of selected volatile organochloride compounds (VOCs). In a proof-of-concept experiment, the progress of the reductive-degradation of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) to trichloroethylene (TCE) by zero-valent zinc was monitored by REMPI measurements performed in the headspace above the PCE solution. Two-photon resonant REMPI spectra of TCE and PCE were recorded over the wavelength range 305–320 nm. The concentrations of PCE and TCE in the headspace were monitored by measurement of the ionization signal with 315.64- and 310.48-nm excitation for PCE and TCE, respectively. Calibration curves yielded a linear range of more than 2 orders of magnitude for both compounds. The REMPI headspace results agreed well with the solution-phase results from gas chromatography analysis, which was used for independent verification of the progress of the reaction

The Effect of Affect: Krathwohl and Bloom’s Affective Domains Underutilized in Counselor Education

Bloom\u27s (1956) Taxonomy cognitive domains have proven useful for decades. Counselor educators are experts in affect, and yet most are unfamiliar with Bloom\u27s affective domains that correspond to the cognitive domains. The affective domains focus on attitudes and values that can help counselor educators assist students to more successfully navigate Bloom\u27s cognitive process by harnessing the effect of affect through combining Bloom\u27s affective and cognitive domains. Since Bloom\u27s cognitive domains are already widely and effectively utilized, perhaps it is time for counselor educators, the experts in affect, to use the affective domains in conjunction with the cognitive domains as initially intended. By studying the correlation between the Cognitive and Affective domains, and further researching the impact of both on the development of CITs, counselor educators can embrace a best practice approach to their work within the already established and widely utilized structure of Bloom\u27s Taxonomy. Keywords: Counselor-in-Training Affect; Bloom’s Affect; Supervision; Counselor Preparatio

Robust retention and transfer of tool construction techniques in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Long-term memory can be critical to a species’ survival in environments with seasonal and even longer-term cycles of resource availability. The present, longitudinal study investigated whether complex tool behaviors used to gain an out-of-reach reward, following a hiatus of about 3 years and 7 months since initial experiences with a tool use task, were retained and subsequently executed more quickly by experienced than by naïve chimpanzees. Ten of the 11 retested chimpanzees displayed impressive long-term procedural memory, creating elongated tools using the same methods employed years previously, either combining 2 tools or extending a single tool. The complex tool behaviors were also transferred to a different task context, showing behavioral flexibility. This represents some of the first evidence for appreciable long-term procedural memory, and improvements in the utility of complex tool manufacture in chimpanzees. Such long-term procedural memory and behavioral flexibility have important implications for the longevity and transmission of behavioral traditions

Decreased CD8+ T cell response to Epstein-Barr virus infected B cells in multiple sclerosis is not due to decreased HLA class I expression on B cells or monocytes

Background: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have a decreased frequency of CD8(+) T cells reactive to their own Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infected B cells. We have proposed that this might predispose to the development of MS by allowing EBV-infected autoreactive B cells to accumulate in the central nervous system. The decreased CD8(+) T cell response to EBV results from a general CD8(+) T cell deficiency and also a decreased proportion of EBV-specific T cells within the total CD8(+) T cell population. Because decreased HLA class I expression on monocytes and B cells has been reported in MS and could influence the generation and effector function of EBV-specific CD8(+) T cells, the present study was undertaken to measure the expression of HLA molecules on B cells and monocytes in patients with MS

Radial optical emission profiles of radio frequency glow discharges

Radial optical emission profiles are determined from Abel inverted emission spectroscopy of a parallel plate radio frequency system known as a GEC Reference Cell. These profiles in general show a nonuniform plasma, annular in shape. Etching results of silicon wafers also follow this annular pattern. This effect is explained by numerically computed large radial and axial electric fields near the edge of the electrodes, produced by the presence of the grounded dark shields.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71294/2/JAPIAU-74-5-3590-1.pd

Basic Conditioning Factors' Influences on Adolescents' Healthy Behaviors, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Care

This article reports a secondary statistical analysis of data from a study investigating the relationships among health-promoting self-care behaviors, self-care self-efficacy, and self-care agency in an adolescent population (Callaghan, 2005). The purpose of this study was to identify the influences of selected basic conditioning factors on the practice of healthy behaviors, self-efficacy beliefs, and ability for self-care in 256 adolescents. The research instruments used to collect data for this study include: Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II Scale; Self-Rated Abilities for Health Practices Scale; Exercise of Self-Care Agency Scale; demographic questionnaire assessing basic conditioning factors. The results of this analysis identified significant relationships between the following basic conditioning factors and adolescents' practice of healthy behaviors, self-efficacy of those behaviors, and self-care abilities: support system, adequate income, adequate living conditions, gender, routine practice of religion, and reported medical problems/disabilities. These findings can give adolescent health nurses direction in developing interventions that promote the self-care and health in this specific population

Relative fluorine concentrations in radio frequency/electron cyclotron resonance hybrid glow discharges

The relative concentration of atomic fluorine was measured in a radio frequency (rf) glow discharge and a modified electron cyclotron resonance microwave/rf hybrid discharge in CF4 using an actinometric technique. The dependence of fluorine concentration on rf and microwave power, pressure, flow, and excitation source are presented. Anomalous behavior with rf power at constant microwave power was observed when using the Ar 750‐nm line as the actinometric species.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/70900/2/APPLAB-60-7-818-1.pd