A Comparative Analysis of the Evolution of Gender Wage Discrimination: Spain Versus Galicia.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the degree of female wage discrimination in the Spanish region of Galicia relative to the rest of Spain. The analysis starts from an established fact: women’s average earnings are lower than men’s. First, we try to show the causes behind this wage differential. Next, we discuss the evolution of the wage gap between 1995 and 2002, in order to bring some light on the factors potentially accounting for wage discrimination persistence in Galicia and Spain. We will analyze the distribution of the degree of discrimination using Discrimination Curve and Discrimination Indexes proposed by Del Río et al. These indicators have the advantage of being decomposable, allowing a more exhaustive rendering of the factors characterizing wage discrimination, as well as the quantification of the incidence of discrimination for different social groups. Thus we can determine, not only if the degree of discrimination has had a similar evolution in both regions, but also if discrimination is more strongly exerted against the same social groups both in Galicia and Spain.

Gender wage discrimination in Galicia

The wage discrimination by gender in the Galician region is one of the highest in Spain, although it presents one of the smallest wage gaps between men and women. The aim of this paper is to extend wage discrimination analysis in Galicia through two complementary theories. First, we approximate global discrimination with the Oaxaca decomposition. This method calculates the discrimination using women and men median characteristics, providing a measure based on the wage distribution average. After that, considering individual discrimination experiences, we approximate wage discrimination by using indicators based on poverty literature, as the Generalised Lorenz Inverse (discrimination curve), and the family of indexes such as Foster´s, Greer´s or Thorbecke´s. These indexes have the property of decomposability, which allows to do an exhaustive analysis of the wage discrimination distribution in Galicia that can be the source of the differential behaviour observed at the aggregate level.

Temporary Employment in Tourism Activities: Regional differences in Spain

The great capacity of tourism to provide employment, especially between groups of workers with a more difficult insertion in the labour market, is one of its most well-known positive aspects. However Tourism employment is often described as low skilled, which is associated with average lower wages, higher percentage of fixed-term contracts, and longer working day than other industries. Nevertheless, this is not true for all tourism activities. Although this description could be close for hotels and restaurants labour market, it is completely different for land transport, travel agencies and tour operators activities. This could be related with the fact that each characteristic tourism industry provides a different percentage of his output to tourists, as it is shown in the Spanish Tourism Satellite Account. Given that, the aim of this paper is to analyse what factors can determine the incidence of temporary employment in Tourism activities in Spain and to discuss regional differences. As result, our first step is to identify the labour market characteristics of the different tourism activities. These results are clear influenced by the particularities of the different activities (labour market of transport activities is very different from hotels and restaurants activities) and not by a tourism characteristic. Thus, the second step is to analyse how tourism influence in the labour-market conditions after controlling for the particularities of the different tourism activities. In this case, we focus in just one characteristic of the labour market very associated with low-quality jobs; the share of workers with fixed-term jobs. Although Spain is one of the countries with the highest arrivals of tourists, those are not equally distributed by regions. This allows us to identify the degree of specialization of each region in tourism, and to analyse its impact in the share of workers with fixed-term contracts. Results show that the highest tourism specialization of the region decreases the share of workers with fixed-term contracts, after isolating the particularities of the different tourism activities. It seems that this low-quality characteristic disappear with the development of the sector in some regions.

Education, Job Insecurity and the Within Country Migration of Couples

Abstract We consider the migration movements of power couples (couples where both members have at least a college degree), half-power and no-power couples within Australia. We explicitly allow for potential association of these movements with local labour market features including perceived job insecurity. The results support an urbanisation hypothesis; partnered college graduates like to live in major cities regardless of their gender or the qualifications of their partner. JEL Classification: J3, J

A Measuring Tourism Specialization: a Composite Indicator for the Spanish Regions

Tourism sector is playing a key role in the development of a region, therefore tourism activities continue to growth in the last year despite the actual crisis (UNWTO 2011). Also, Spain maintains in the better positions of the world ranking. Furthermore, Tourism activities generate around 10% of GPD and represents 11.5% of total workers of the Spanish Economy in 2011. Nevertheless, this is not true for all the Spanish Regions. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the tourism specialization in the Spanish Provinces. In general previous literature supports the idea that tourism enhances economic growth (Neves & Maças 2008). Given that we are able to define Tourism specialization from very different perspectives, it is essential to review the previous literature and clarify which indicators are the best ones to measure tourism specialization. In order to measure tourism specialization from a wide point of view, we account for both demand and supply side variables for tourism sector, and amenities. We developed principal component analysis (PCA) in order to summarize the information provided by the different measures. It is essential to understand the relationship between tourism characteristics, amenities and its economic impacts for public policies and tourism managing. Tourism sector is playing a key role in the development of a region, therefore tourism activities continue to growth in the last year despite the actual crisis (UNWTO 2011). Also, Spain maintains in the better positions of the world ranking. Furthermore, Tourism activities generate around 10% of GPD and represents 11.5% of total workers of the Spanish Economy in 2011. Nevertheless, this is not true for all the Spanish Regions. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the tourism specialization in the Spanish Provinces. In general previous literature supports the idea that tourism enhances economic growth (Neves & Maças 2008). Given that we are able to define Tourism specialization from very different perspectives, it is essential to review the previous literature and clarify which indicators are the best ones to measure tourism specialization. In order to measure tourism specialization from a wide point of view, we account for both demand and supply side variables for tourism sector, and amenities. We developed principal component analysis (PCA) in order to summarize the information provided by the different measures. It is essential to understand the relationship between tourism characteristics, amenities and its economic impacts for public policies and tourism managing

Job Insecurity within the Household : Are Australian Householders Caring when it Comes to Risk Sharing?

We investigate perceived job security risk and the distribution of non-labour income between spouses in a household context. In the process, the restrictions implied by Beckerian-caring preferences in the Chiappori (2002) Collective model are considered, and estimates of the sharing rule are derived. The findings support the idea of household formation as a tool that caring partners use to share risk. Our results provide further insight as to how unemployment risk may affect interaction between Australian spouses

Determinants of child mortality risk in Kazakhstan

Child mortality rate is one of the key indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals from the United Nations. In the last two decades, this indicator became 6 times smaller during 1990 to 2017 (from 54.1 deaths/1,000 live births to 8.9) in Kazakhstan. This decrease in child mortality rate have been much faster in Kazakhstan than in other countries of Central Asia, so it would be useful to understand the reasons why. Thus, the aim of the paper is to analyze the socio-economic determinants of child mortality in Kazakhstan in order to shed light on the factors behind its huge reduction. In order to estimate the determinants of child mortality we run a logit model based on Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) database provided by UNICEF for Kazakhstan in 2006, 2010-2011, 2015. Results show that household composition may be a relevant variable for explaining child mortality: head of household is a relevant variable; however maternal education doesn’t come out significant. Additionally, the access to health resources also reduce infant mortality. On the one hand, the probability that women had experienced the death of a children increases for the 2th and 3th quintile of wealth, i.e. for those who have a worse access to the health resources. On the other hand, the probability that the child dies are higher for families living the rural areas compared with urban areas (explained for the difficulties of reaching the health facilities in rural areas). Results of this paper can be used to keep the positive path in the infant mortality decrease for Kazakhstan and taken as an example for other countries in Central Asia where infant mortality is still high

An Alternative Method for Detecting Technological Changes in Tourism Industry

Texto dispoñible en galego e españolNeste artigo introdúcese un procedemento para detectar cambios nas estruturas produtivas de calquera rama de actividade dunha economía. Para os efectos prácticos analízanse dous sectores que abastecen en boa medida á demanda turística española: o aloxamento e a restauración. O método proposto permite actualizar por unha vía alternativa a á xeralmente utilizada polos organismos oficias estatísticos as distintas matrices encadradas no marco input-output, que son necesarias para cuantificar os impactos económicos do turismo. Mediante a técnica introducida –o método biproporcional de información limitada– vese como é posible conseguilo case en tempo real. Ademais, para facer efectiva a actualización só é preciso coñecer os vectores de produción e demanda final, datos que facilitan os institutos de estatística con escasa demora. Tamén se manifesta como este procedemento evita a aplicación doutro tipo de técnicas máis sofisticadas e para as que se precisaría una maior información. Os coeficientes tecnolóxicos estimados para o aloxamento e a restauración en España confirman a validez da alternativa proposta para a elaboración de modelos input-output, que permitan ofrecer estimacións do impacto económico do turismo cos datos máis actuais existentes, sen necesidade de impoñer molestos supostos sobre a invariabilidade dos coeficientes tecnolóxicos no tempoEn este artículo se introduce un procedimiento para detectar cambios en las estructuras productivas de cualquier rama de actividad de una economía. A efectos prácticos se analizan dos sectores que abastecen en buena medida a la demanda turística española: el alojamiento y la restauración. El método propuesto permite actualizar por una vía alternativa a la generalmente utilizada por los organismos oficias estadísticos las distintas matrices encuadradas en el marco input-output, que son necesarias para cuantificar los impactos económicos del turismo. Mediante la técnica introducida –el método biproporcional de información limitada– se ve como es posible conseguirlo casi en tiempo real. Además, para hacer efectiva la actualización sólo es preciso conocer los vectores de producción y demanda final, datos que facilitan los institutos de estadística con escasa demora. También se manifiesta como este procedimiento evita la aplicación de otro tipo de técnicas más sofisticadas y para los que se precisaría una mayor información. Los coeficientes tecnológicos estimados para el alojamiento y la restauración en España confirman la validez de la alternativa propuesta para la elaboración de modelos input-output, que permitan ofrecer estimaciones del impacto económico del turismo con los datos más actuales existentes, sin necesidad de imponer incómodos supuestos sobre la invariabilidad de los coeficientes tecnológicos en el tiempoIn this paper we introduce a procedure for detecting changes in the economic structure of a country. In practise, we analyse two sectors that satisfy most of the Spanish Tourism demand: accommodation and food service activities. The proposed method allow us to updating input-output matrix necessary for quantify the economic impacts of Tourism in an alternative way to the Official Statistics Institutes. Using this technique, the biproportional method with limit information, we are able to update the matrix nearly in real time and we just need the production and final demand vectors (Statistic institutes provide these data without much delay). Thus, this procedure avoids applying more sophisticated techniques which need more information. The technical coefficients estimated for accommodation and food service activities in Spain validate the proposed technique for elaborating input-output models. Therefore, we are able to estimate the economic impact of Tourism with last data and without imposing assumptions as the invariability of the technical coefficients over timeS

Education, job insecurity and the within country migration of couples

We consider the migration movements of power couples (couples where both members have at least a college degree), half-power and no-power couples within Australia. We explicitly allow for potential association of these movements with local labour market features including perceived job insecurity. The results support an urbanisation hypothesis; partnered college graduates like to live in major cities regardless of their gender or the qualifications of their partner