Derechos universales de las comunidades

¿Cómo desarrollar o por lo menos dirigir el discurso global hacía la paz? Esta es la pregunta que animó el presente trabajo realizado en el marco del doctorado en sostenibilidad y paz en la era posglobal con línea de investigación en derechos humanos y globalización. En un mundo globalizado y cada vez más interconectado, por un lado, hay un acercamiento y un encuentro entre las diferentes tradiciones culturales, religiosas y jurídicas del planeta, pero al mismo tiempo, por otro lado, hay una explosión de violencia generalizada debido precisamente a este acercamiento entre las diferentes "identidades". Muchos estudiosos hablan de una era líquida, otros de un choque de civilizaciones, otros de un cambio de época. A través de este camino intentaremos comprender en profundidad los complejos fenómenos que atraviesan la modernidad globalizada para tratar de identificar una posible clave para interpretarlos, un nuevo lugar epistemológico desde el cual mirar el mundo que viene. Intentaremos ofrecer, no sin temor, una posible vía de avance para el homo globalizatus a nivel jurídico-filosófico, la del absurdo y de la generatividad. El análisis jurídico-antropológico-filosófico se desarrolla, por tanto, en cinco capítulos. Después de un primer capítulo introductorio en el que se esboza brevemente, en la medida de lo posible, el fenómeno de la globalización, nos centramos en encontrar una respuesta a la forma de desarrollar un verdadero diálogo generativo a nivel mundial a partir de la situación dada. A continuación, procederemos a un examen filosófico-jurídico-antropológico de los diversos instrumentos de que ya disponemos para comprender en qué medida pueden ser suficientes para establecer ese diálogo: los tratados internacionales y los derechos humanos. La segunda parte de la obra tiene como objeto la tesis propuesta, la de la necesidad de desarrollar nuevos lenguajes jurídico-filosóficos a nivel mundial, manteniendo siempre como estrella polar la necesidad de un diálogo generativo a y partiendo de los tres retos que nos plantea la globalización: la migración y más en general la relación con el otro, el cambio climático y el desarrollo tecnológico. Derechos, Universalidad, Comunidad. Estas son las palabras clave de los últimos tres capítulos y quizás de la modernidad en la que vivimos. Sobre la base de estos tres términos se identifica un nuevo lenguaje jurídico-filosófico, icónico y trascendentes, que se suma a los los tratados internacionales y los derechos humanos ya existentes: los derechos universales de las comunidades. Por consiguiente, los capítulos tercero, cuarto y quinto están dedicados al desarrollo y el fundamento de la teoría de esos derechos examinando. En primer lugar, se analizará el concepto de comunidad. En segundo lugar, se propondrá un catálogo de derechos universales de las comunidades analizando su naturaleza y los bienes jurídicos protegidos por ellos a nivel mundial. En tercer lugar, se desarrolla su posible aplicación práctica en estrecha relación con los medios y estructuras existentes y en comparación con la teoría de la ética mundial y del constitucionalismo mundial, a fin de hacer frente a los grandes desafíos de la globalización: las grandes migraciones, el cambio climático y el desarrollo tecnológico. Con referencia a las grandes migraciones, los derechos universales de las comunidades ofrecen una posibilidad, para las macro-comunidades religiosas, de desarrollar una conciencia interior de la otredad que ya constituye el individuo y las macro-comunidades. El objetivo es desarrollar un diálogo intercultural generativo. Con referencia al cambio climático los derechos universales de las comunidades proponen considerar el planeta tierra como otro ser vivo que hay que cuidar. Un ser vivo que, también en este caso ya forma parte de la conciencia del individuo y de la comunidad. El desarrollo tecnológico nos ofrece la posibilidad considerar los derechos universales de las comunidades como derechos virtuales. Son derechos que ofrecen la posibilidad de tomar conciencia del fenómeno tecnológico como un evento comunitario que a través de los derechos universales de las comunidades puede ser restituido a lo real. La virtualidad de los derechos universales de las comunidades les permite entrar en lo virtual para devolverlo a lo real. Los derechos universales de las comunidades pueden constituir un primer impulso para tomar conciencia de nuestro yo más profundo, un yo relacional, y pueden ayudar el pasaje, a nivel global, de un yo soy a un nosotros somos.How to develop or at least direct the global discourse towards peace? This is the question that animated the present work carried out within the framework of the doctorate in sustainability and peace in the post-global era with a research line in human rights and globalisation. In a globalised and increasingly interconnected world, on the one hand, there is a rapprochement and encounter between the different cultural, religious and legal traditions of the planet, but at the same time, on the other hand, there is an explosion of widespread violence precisely because of this rapprochement between different "identities". Many scholars speak of a liquid era, others of a clash of civilisations, others of an epochal change. Along this path I tried to understand in depth the complex phenomena that traverse globalised modernity in order to try to identify a possible key to interpret them, a new epistemological place from which to look at the world to come. We will try to offer, not without fear, a possible way forward for homo globalizatus at the juridical-philosophical level, that of the absurd and of generativity. The legal-anthropological-philosophical analysis is therefore developed in five chapters. After a first introductory chapter briefly outlining, as far as possible, the phenomenon of globalisation, we focus on finding an answer to how to develop a true generative dialogue on a global level on the basis of the given situation. We then proceed to a philosophical-legal-anthropological examination of the various instruments already available to us in order to understand to what extent they can be sufficient to establish such a dialogue: international treaties and human rights. The second part of the work focuses on the proposed thesis, that of the need to develop new legal-philosophical languages on a global level, always keeping as a polar star the need for a generative dialogue with and starting from the three challenges posed by globalisation: migration and more generally the relationship with the other, climate change and technological development. Rights, Universality, Community. These are the key words of the last three chapters and perhaps of the modernity in which we live. On the basis of these three terms a new legal-philosophical, iconic and transcendent language is identified, which is added to existing international treaties and human rights: the universal rights of communities. Accordingly, the third, fourth and fifth chapters are devoted to the development and grounding of the theory of these rights under discussion. First, the concept of community will be discussed. Second, a catalogue of universal rights of communities will be proposed by analysing their nature and the legal goods protected by them at the global level. Thirdly, it develops their possible practical application in close relation to existing means and structures and in comparison with the theory of global ethics and global constitutionalism, in order to meet the major challenges of globalisation: large-scale migration, climate change and technological development. With reference to large migrations, the universal rights of communities offer a possibility for religious macro-communities to develop an inner awareness of the otherness that already constitutes the individual and macro-communities. The aim is to develop a generative intercultural dialogue. With reference to climate change, the universal rights of communities propose to consider the planet earth as another living being to be taken care of. A living being that, also in this case, is already part of the conscience of the individual and the community. Technological development offers us the possibility to consider the universal rights of communities as virtual rights. They are rights that offer the possibility of becoming aware of the technological phenomenon as a comunitarianl event that can be restored to the real through the universal rights of communities. The virtuality of the universal rights of communities allows them to enter the virtual in order to return it to the real. The universal rights of communities can constitute a first impulse to become aware of our deepest self, a relational self, and can help the passage, on a global level, from an I am to a we are

Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual (LGB) peoples' leadership self-effectiveness: The roles of internalized sexual stigma, LGB positive identity, and traditional masculinity

Grounded in the theoretical frameworks of the minority stress model and the model of positive identity in sexual minority people, the current research contributes to fill a gap in the previous literature, investigating the relationships among leadership self-effectiveness, internalized sexual stigma, positive identity, and adherence to traditional masculinity of gay, lesbian, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. Through a correlational study (N = 449), we collected data from 229 gay/bisexual men (51%) and 220 lesbian/bisexual women (49%). We hypothesized that lower internalized sexual stigma, higher LGB positive identity, and higher adherence to traditional masculinity were associated to higher self-perceived effectiveness. The interactive relationships among the variables, including participants’ gender, were investigated from an exploratory perspective. The hypotheses were tested through two moderated regression models and the results confirmed that participants with lower internalized sexual stigma and higher LGB positive identity were more likely to perceive themselves as potential effective leaders. Also, the results showed a significant interaction between participants’ gender and traditional masculinity score suggesting that high adherence to traditional masculinity was a significant predictor of self-perceived effectiveness only for gay/bisexual men, but not for lesbian/bisexual women. This research contributes to provide both confirmation and novel insights into the key role of relevant factors impacting on LGB people’s leadership self-effectiveness, which might contribute to preserve the gay glass ceiling effect. The presence of antidiscrimination policies in organizations not only might reduce reports of discrimination but also enhance LGB employees’ positive sense of self, which is a critical aspect to emerge as a leader

What is hiding behind the rainbow plot? The gender ideology and LGBTQ+ lobby conspiracies (GILC) scale

: Previous literature on conspiracy beliefs has an important gap, as it has almost completely excluded conspiracy beliefs relating to LGBTQ+ people. The purpose of the present research was to develop and validate a specific tool to measure the Gender Ideology and LGBTQ+ Lobby Conspiracies Beliefs: the GILC scale. Two independent data collections (Ntot  = 1.908) were run involving both heterosexual and gay, lesbian and bisexual people. We expected a mono-factorial structure of the tool, with high levels of internal reliability, invariant by respondents' gender, sexual orientation and previous knowledge or hearsay of gender ideology. Furthermore, we expected that GILC scale manages to measure a differentiated construct: (a) compared to other specific and general conspiracy contents; (b) compared to a generic disposition to engage in conspiratorial mentality; (c) compared to existing measures of sexual prejudice, stereotypes and negative attitudes towards sexual minority people. In relation to criterion validity, we expected that several psychosocial and socio-political ideology variables (i.e. RWA and SDO), would associate with high levels in GILC scale. The results confirmed our expectations, showing that GILC scale is a short tool which include nine items with a mono-factorial structure and with excellent psychometric properties. Limitations and further research directions are discussed

Psychological bases of anti‐immigration attitudes among populist voters

The ascent of populism has been linked with economic and cultural disruptions of modernization. From this perspective, it could be implied that factors such as psychological insecurity and uncertainty are key in making voters gravitate toward the populist narrative. The present research aimed at highlighting the psychological determinants that uncertainties deriving from modernization processes may activate in populist voters. Specifically, we focused on immigration in Italy, investigating whether and how support for different populist parties relates to development of negative attitudes toward immigrants. Two samples of Italian adults (total N = 1655), who voted in the Italian general elections of March 4, 2018 took part in the research. Multigroup path analysis showed that assumption of anti‐immigration stances through the joint mediating role of Dangerous World Belief and Right‐Wing Authoritarianism was shared by different groups of populist voters. However, different populist voters differed in the strength of the path passing through Competitive Jungle World Belief and Social Dominance Orientation. Results underline the relevance of social worldviews and ideological attitudes in shaping the attitudes of the Italian populist electorate

Sudden onset acute liver failure in a patient with clinically occult small cell lung carcinoma: autopsy report and review of the medical literature

Liver metastases are commonly found in advanced cancer patients; however, acute liver failure secondary to diffuse liver infiltration is rare. Small cell lung carcinoma accounts for 15% of lung carcinomas. We describe the ninth case of small cell lung carcinoma massively metastatic to the liver, reported in the scientific literature, with sudden clinical onset and death after a few days. An autopsy was performed to understand the cause of death

Conspiracy beliefs of Italian voters for populist parties: The moderated mediational role of political interest and ideological attitudes

Grounded in the theoretical framework of the dual-process motivational model of ideology and politics, we investigated the mediational role of RWA and SDO on the relationship between voting for populist parties and conspiracy beliefs; the moderation of political interest was also explored. Collapsing different convenience samples gathered after the European election (2014/2015) and the General National Election (2018/2019) allowed us to analyse two datasets (Study 1, n = 4141; Study 2, n = 2301). We hypothesised that populist voters would report higher conspiracy beliefs, RWA, and SDO, compared to non-populist voters and abstainers, and that populist voters would report more conspiracy beliefs through indirect pathways running through RWA and SDO. Furthermore, we hypothesised that such direct and indirect associations would be stronger for individuals with high rather than low political interest. Analyses of variance and moderated mediation models mostly confirmed our expectations, although RWA, and not SDO, mediated the relationships in the expected directions

Being mindful in the tax context in Italy: Examining whether and how mindfulness relates with tax evasion intentions and support for tax progressivity

Two studies explored whether and how mindfulness relates with citizens' tax evasion intentions and support for progressive tax rates. Based on theoretical and empirical grounds, in Study 1 (N = 1,175) we proposed that mindfulness would be negatively related with tax evasion intentions through decreased social dominance orientation. Drawing on Duckitt's dual-process motivational model, in Study 2 (N = 722) we proposed that mindfulness would be positively related with support for progressive taxation through the mediation of lower competitive-jungle beliefs, and then lower social dominance orientation. Instead, we did not expect to find mediation of the link between mindfulness and support for progressive taxation through dangerous-world beliefs and right-wing authoritarianism. These studies inform about the motivational pathways through which mindfulness relates with tax evasion intentions and support for progressive taxation

Employment, collective action, and satisfaction: the moderating role of acceptance of inequality

The present work proposes that the relation of employment conditions (i.e., unemployment and precarious work vs. permanent employment) with participation in collective action and satisfaction with life depends on the extent to which acceptance of inequality is high or low, and that collective action mediates the association between employment conditions and satisfaction with life. We analyzed data from the European Social Survey (Round ', #$!&) and found that (!) when acceptance of inequality is low (vs. high), employment disadvantage is positively related to engagement in collective action and, in turn, satisfaction with life; (#) employment disadvantage is negatively related to satisfaction with life, and this relation increases when acceptance of inequality is low (vs. high). This study generates findings of interest to inequality researchers by showing the relevance of acceptance of inequality for collective action and life satisfaction in the context of employment

Can moral convictions against gender inequality overpower system justification effects? Examining the interaction between moral conviction and system justification

It has been shown that disadvantaged groups who endorse system-justifying beliefs tend to internalize their state of inferiority by expressing ingroup derogation and opposing collective action for change. In the present research, we recruited women – as disadvantaged group – from different countries (the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy) and examined whether their moral conviction against gender inequality, as an absolute stance that does not tolerate any violation, may interact with and overpower system-justifying beliefs. Results from three studies provided support for our hypotheses. First, when women held strong moral conviction, they expressed higher identification with their disadvantaged ingroup and, in turn, higher collective action intentions, independent of system-justifying beliefs. Second, when women held weak moral conviction, higher system-justifying beliefs reduced women’s ingroup identification and, in turn, undermined their collective action intentions. This support is found across different contexts of gender inequality (the gender leadership gap, the gender pay gap, and the gender power imbalance), using different methodological approaches (online survey, online experiment, laboratory experiment). Implications, limits, and future directions are discussed