Assistência pré-natal e amamentação exclusiva na atenção primária à saúde em um município do Sudoeste da Bahia

Introduction: exclusive breastfeeding should be promoted and strengthened in all public spheres, especially in Primary Health Care (PHC), which has prenatal care as an important element for the assistance and monitoring of women during pregnancy. Objective: to identify the link between prenatal care and exclusive breastfeeding in children younger than six months followed up in the PHC in a municipality in the Southwest of Bahia. Methodology: cross-sectional study, with 75 mothers/children aged zero to six months enrolled in the Growth and Development program of the health service in the municipality of Jequié, Bahia, from March to August 2018. Pearson's Chi-Square Test was used to assess the association between prenatal care variables and exclusive breastfeeding. Results: the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding recorded in this study was 36%. It was observed that mothers with more than six prenatal consultations during pregnancy had a higher prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (55.2%; p=0.019). The variable guidance on exclusive breastfeeding during prenatal care was not statistically associated with the outcome (0.457), however it was descriptively identified that mothers who received guidance during prenatal care tended to breastfeed exclusively (56.7%; p= 0.457 ). Conclusion: prenatal care can be considered a protective element in the practice of exclusive breastfeeding, and therefore the promotion and support of breastfeeding should be strengthened in PHC.Introdução: o aleitamento materno exclusivo deve ser promovido e fortalecido em todas as esferas públicas, especialmente na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), que tem o pré-natal como elemento importante para assistência e acompanhamento da mulher durante a gestação. Objetivo: identificar a associação entre assistência pré-natal e amamentação exclusiva em crianças menores de seis meses acompanhadas na APS em um município do Sudoeste da Bahia. Metodologia: estudo transversal, envolvendo 75 mães/crianças de zero a seis meses cadastradas no programa de Crescimento e Desenvolvimento do serviço de saúde do município de Jequié, Bahia, no período de março a agosto de 2018. Empregou-se o Teste de Qui-Quadrado de Pearson, para avaliar associação entre variáveis da assistência pré-natal e amamentação exclusiva. Resultados: a prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo registrado neste estudo foi de 36%. Observou-se que, mães com mais de seis consultas de pré-natal durante a gestação apresentaram maior prevalência de amamentação exclusiva (55,2%; p=0,019). A variável orientações sobre amamentação exclusiva no pré-natal não foi estatisticamente associada ao desfecho (0,457), porém descritivamente identificou-se que as mães que tiveram orientações durante o pré-natal apresentaram tendência de amamentar exclusivamente (56,7%; p= 0,457). Conclusão: a assistência pré-natal pode ser considerada elemento protetor na prática da amamentação exclusiva, e por isso a promoção e apoio ao aleitamento materno deve ser fortalecida na APS

Fatores associados à introdução alimentar precoce em um município baiano

Introduction: The early introduction of food is a frequent practice in Brazil, involved by several factors of social, cultural, economic, family, emotional, as well as related to living conditions and health care. Objective: To identify the main factors associated with the early introduction of food in children from zero to six months of life, attended in primary health care in a municipality in southwestern Bahia. Methodology: Cross-sectional study, conducted with 75 mothers and children assisted in the health network of Jequié, Bahia, in the period from March to August 2018. Poisson Regression with Robust variance was employed to evaluate the association. Results: The prevalence of early food introduction in the study population was 64%, with cow's milk, water/tea and infant formula being the most prevalent foods. It was observed that the variable pacifier use (PR = 1.21; 95%CI = 1.02-1.43) showed a positive association with early feeding, while the variables bottle use (PR = 0.08; 95%CI = 0.02-0.28) and breastfeeding orientation (PR = 0.77; 95%CI = 0.63-0.95) showed a negative and inverse association with the studied outcome. Conclusion: Despite the superiority of breast milk over other forms of feeding children under six months of age, the results of this study revealed a high prevalence of early introduction of food in the studied population and its association with the use of pacifiers. It is suggested that actions to promote and protect exclusive breastfeeding take place since the prenatal period, also highlighting the risks of introducing food early.Introdução: A introdução alimentar precoce é uma prática frequente no Brasil, envolta por diversos fatores de ordem social, cultural, econômica, familiar, emocional, bem como relacionados às condições de vida e assistência à saúde. Objetivo: Identificar os principais fatores que se associam a introdução precoce de alimentos em crianças de zero a seis meses de vida, atendidas na Atenção Primária à Saúde de um município do Sudoeste da Bahia. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, realizado com 75 mães e crianças atendidas na rede de saúde de Jequié, Bahia, no período de março a agosto de 2018. Empregou-se Regressão de Poisson com variância Robusta para avaliar a associação. Resultados: A prevalência da introdução alimentar precoce na população em estudo foi de 64%, sendo o leite de vaca, água/chá e fórmula infantil os alimentos mais prevalentes. Observou-se que a variável uso de chupeta (RP=1,21; IC95%= 1,02-1,43) apresentou associação positiva com a introdução alimentar precoce, enquanto que as variáveis uso de mamadeira (RP= 0,08; IC95%= 0,02-0,28) e orientações sobre amamentação (RP= 0,77; IC95%= 0,63-0,95) apresentaram associação negativa e inversa com o desfecho estudado. Conclusão: Apesar da superioridade do leite materno sobre outras formas de nutrir as crianças menores de seis meses, os resultados deste estudo revelaram elevada prevalência de introdução alimentar precoce na população estudada e sua associação com o uso de chupetas. Sugere-se que ações de promoção e proteção da amamentação exclusiva aconteçam desde o pré-natal, evidenciando também os riscos da introdução alimentar precocemente

A evolução das equipes e do quantitativo de nutricionistas do NASF-AB na Bahia: análise da rede de saúde das mesorregiões

Objective: To identify the evolution of the teams and the number of nutritionists in the Expanded Center for Family Health and Primary Care in the 417 municipalities of the state of Bahia according to characteristics of the health network in the mesoregions in the period from 2008 to 2021. Methodology: For the quantity of NASF-AB according to population size, PHC and ESF coverage of the municipalities, the Anova Test was used. Results: From 2008 to 2020, the Expanded Family Health and Primary Care Team showed exponential growth, presenting a decline of 19.17% after this period, a profile maintained in the number of nutritionists. The greater presence of eNASF in the mesoregions was associated with Health Care coverage. Conclusion: Thus, this study revealed a decline in the number of NASF-AB teams and nutritionists in the state after the publication of Ordinance No. 2698 of October 14, 2019.Objetivo: Identificar a evolução das equipes e o quantitativo de nutricionistas do Núcleo Ampliado de Saúde da Família e Atenção Básica nos 417 municípios do estado da Bahia segundo características da rede de saúde das mesorregiões no período de 2008 a 2023. Metodologia: Para o quantitativo de NASF-AB, segundo porte populacional, cobertura da APS e da ESF dos municípios, empregou-se o Teste Anova. Resultados: De 2008 a 2020, as Equipes do Núcleo Ampliado de Saúde da Família e Atenção Básica apresentaram crescimento exponencial, apresentando após este período declínio de 31,14%, perfil mantido no quantitativo de nutricionista. A maior presença das eNASF nas mesorregiões esteve associada à cobertura da Atenção à Saúde. Conclusão: Assim, este estudo revelou declínio no quantitativo das equipes e de nutricionistas do NASF-AB no estado após publicação da Portaria nº 2.698 de 14 de outubro de 2019

Brazilian Version of the COVID-19 Home Environment Literacy Practices (COVID19-HELP) Questionnaire

The COVID-19 Home Environment Literacy Practices (COVID19-HELP) Questionnaire was developed by King et al. (2020) to explore how the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, such as school closures, impacted on home literacy environment and activities. Caregivers with children between ages 0-11 years old were invited to respond how they engage in literacy practices and about their home literacy environment, before and since COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, sociodemographic information was collected, such as race, socioeconomic status, educational level, and job situation. Hence, the questionnaire was adapted to correspond with the Brazilian culture and practices of literacy so it would be possible to assess how Brazilians were affected by the coronavirus pandemic

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research